Smart layer

Figure 16.44 CFRP plate specimen instrumented with hybrid electromagnetic layer HELP and with acousto-ultrasonic SMART layer , (a) Schematic (b) photograph [100].

Figure 16.45 Comparative detection of impacts (II, 12) and bums (Bl, B2, B3, B4) on a CFRP plate instmmented with hybrid electromagnetic layer HELP and with acousto-ultrasonic SMART layer (a) image showing that the HELP method could detect all damages but II whereas the Lamb wave based SMART layer method could detect only II, 12, and B4 damages (b) image showing the detection levels of the electromagnetic HELP method [1(X)].

The fact that the SMART layer method could not detect the B1, B2, B3 burns may be attributed to the fact that these damages were only superficial changes that did not... 

Chang F-K. SMART layer — huilt-in diagnostics for composite structures. In 4th European conference on smart structures and materials, UK 1998. pp. 777—81. 

Lin M, Qing X, Kumar A, Beard SJ. Smart layer and smart suitcase for structural health monitoring applications. DTIC 2005. 

Extended defects range from well characterized dislocations to grain boundaries, interfaces, stacking faults, etch pits, D-defects, misfit dislocations (common in epitaxial growth), blisters induced by H or He implantation etc. Microscopic studies of such defects are very difficult, and crystal growers use years of experience and trial-and-error teclmiques to avoid or control them. Some extended defects can change in unpredictable ways upon heat treatments. Others become gettering centres for transition metals, a phenomenon which can be desirable or not, but is always difficult to control. Extended defects are sometimes cleverly used. For example, the smart-cut process relies on the controlled implantation of H followed by heat treatments to create blisters. This allows a thin layer of clean material to be lifted from a bulk wafer [261. 

Figure 33.1a illustrates the idea of the smart window. In this device a layer of electrochromic material and a layer of a transparent ion-conducting electrolyte are sandwiched between two optically transparent electrodes (OTEs). Indium-doped tin oxide on glass is used most commonly as the OTE. This material has very low... 

It s quite common when driving at night to be dazzled by the lights of the vehicle behind as they reflect from the driver s new-view or door mirror. We can prevent the dazzle by forming a layer of coloured material over the reflecting surface within an electrochromic mirror. Such mirrors are sometimes called smart mirrors or electronic anti-dazzle mirrors . 

Development of a glossy, aesthetic and unpainted roof module on the Smart Roadster by DaimlerChrysler AG s Smart. The two-piece, removable roof, built by ArvinMeritor, is surfaced with a thermoformable three-layer film (Lexan by GE Plastics) that can be co-moulded with either thermoplastic or thermoset substrates. The film exhibits 95% gloss retention after the equivalent of 10 years of Florida sun exposure. Weight saving is 50% versus a painted steel roof system. 

Interest has developed in electrochromic light transmission modulators, which are called smart windows , for control of temperature and lighting in buildings and automobiles. A cross section of an electrochromic light transmission modulator is shown in Fig. 11.31 (Rauh and Cogan, 1988). The two electrochromic elements of the structure are designated ECl and EC2, and are sandwiched between two thin film, optically transparent, electrodes of ITO and separated by an electrolyte. The ECl layer should colour when a negative potential is applied and the EC2 layer should either colour under positive potentials or remain in a transparent state. This is indicated by the chemical reactions ... 

McDermott KW, Lantos PL (1991) Cell proliferation in the subependymal layer of the postnatal marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 57 269-277 Messier B, Leblond CP, Smart I (1958) Presence of DNA synthesis and mitosis in the brain of young adult mice. Exp Cell Res 14 224-226... 

The chemical feature definitions described in the following sections are all categorized into hydrogen bond interactions, which are described as layer 3 features, and also into charge interactions and lipophilic interactions, which are represented as level 4 features. All current layer 4 features are represented as points with a tolerance radius forming a sphere, whereas layer 3 features are represented by vectors. The chemical feature definitions are specified in Daylight SMARTS notation [37] (listed in detail in Table 6.2) and directly imported into... 

Measurement Devices and Final Control Elements This lowest layer couples the control and information systems to the process. The measurement devices provide information on the current conditions within the process. The final control elements permit control decisions to be imposed on the process. Although traditionally analog, smart transmitters and smart valves based on microprocessor technology are now beginning to dominate this layer. 

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