Small for gestational age

Longnecker, M. P., Klebanoff, M. A., Zhou, H. and Brock, J. W. (2001). Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-for-gestational-age babies at birth . Lancet, 358(9276), 110-114. 

Birth-weight effect. Caffeinated coffee alone had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.3 (95% confidence limits [CL] = 1.0, 1.7) for preterm delivery mothers who consumed both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee had an adjusted odds of 2.3 (95% CL = 1.3, 4), whereas those who consumed only decaffeinated coffee showed no increased odds of small-for-gestational age birth, low-birth-weight or preterm delivery. A reduction in mean birth-weight of -3 g per cup per week (95% CL = -5.9, -0.6) for caffeinated coffee and an increase of +0.4 g per cup per week (95% CL = 3.7, 4.5) for decaffeinated coffee was found " h... 

While affected neonates are often small for gestational age [37], postnatal growth failure may occur at any age, after apparently normal development. Severe anorexia, recurrent vomiting, chronic diarrhea with villous atrophy, and/or exocrine pancreatic dysfunction occasionally occur [ 38]. In adulthood, chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction has been occasionally ascribed to MRC deficiency [21]. 

Sas T, Mulder P, Aanstoot HJ, Houdijk M, Jansen M, Reeser M, Hokken-Koelega A. Carbohydrate metabolism during long-term growth hormone treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001 54(2) 243-51. 

Longnecker, M.P., M.A. Klebanoff, J.W. Brock, and X. Guo. 2005. Maternal levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in relation to preterm and small-for-gestational-age birth. Epidemiology 16(5) 641-647. 

I-cell disease is suspected clinically by the phenotype and is confirmed biochemically (cf. Biochemical Perspectives section). The infant with I-cell disease is usually small for gestational age and is clinically differentiated from having Hurler s syndrome by earlier onset of signs and symptoms, the absence of excessive mu-copolysacchariduria, short stature, and the rapidly progressive course, leading to death usually by age 4 years. 

A syndrome resembling that of the fetal alcohol syndrome has been described in infants who had been exposed to toluene in utero (54). Of all toluene-exposed infants, 39% were born prematurely and 9% died during the perinatal period 54% were small for gestational age and 52% had continued postnatal growth deficiency 33% had prenatal microcephaly, 67% postnatal microcephaly, and 80% developmental delay. In 83% there were craniofacial features similar to the fetal alcohol syndrome, and 89% of these children had other minor anomalies. The authors suggested that toluene and alcohol have a common mechanism of craniofacial teratogenesis, namely deficiency of craniofacial neuroepithelium and mesodermal components owing to increased embryonic cell death. 

Since lipoprotein lipase activity is reduced in premature babies and babies who are small for gestational age, and since bacterial and viral infections adversely affect lipoprotein lipase activity and can precipitate fat overload, it follows that fat emulsion should be administered with great caution, or even temporarily withheld, in small infants with proven or suspected sepsis (134). 

Small for gestational age-prematurity Respiratory distress syndrome Maternal diabetes meUitus Toxemia of pregnancy Other (e.g., cold stress, polycythemia)... 

Excess risks for low birth weight and small for gestational age have also been reported in the zone closest to the Montreal landfill site discussed earlier.30... 

Histological studies of the kidney in ACEI-exposed fetuses show renal tubular dysgenesis [57-59]. Besides, delayed development of the calvaria and persistence of a patent ductus arteriosus has been described [60]. The true incidence of the fetal adverse effects of ACEI is not to determine, but in a series of 31 pregnancies exposed to an ACEI two ended with a miscarriage and three with stillbirth. Preterm delivery occurred in 12, and 6 out of the 26 liveborn babies were small for gestational age. Two infants with patent ductus arteriosus were reported [61]. There is no evidence that the use of ACEI causes harm in fhe first trimester of pregnancy [60]. 

The American black—white difference in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births is a pathological difference rather than a... 

INDICATIONS FOR GROWTH HORMONE TREATMENT GH deficiency in children is a weU-accepted cause of short stature replacement therapy is used to treat children with severe GH deficiency. GH therapy has been extended to children with other conditions associated with short stature despite adequate GH production, including Turner s syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome (in the absence of morbid obesity or obstructive sleep apnea), chronic renal insufficiency, children bom small for gestational age, and children with idiopathic short stature (i.e., more than 2.25 standard deviations below mean height for age and sex but normal laboratory indices of GH levels). 

Santos, I.S., A. Matijasevich, and N.C. Valle. 2005. Mate drinking during pregnancy and risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth. /. Nutr. 135(5) 1120-1123. 

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