Sleepiness causes

Oliveira de Souza-Fonnigoni, one of the study authors, stated that (yjoung people believe that Red Bull and other energy drinks avoid the sleepiness caused by alcoholic beverages and increase their capacity to dance all night In their study, they assessed the effects of ingesting... 

Recombinant E. coli expressing the nitrobenzene dioxygenase from Cotncmonas sp. JS765 with amino acid substitutions at position 258 or 293 was used to increase the production of chiral sulfoxides from thioanisole, p-tolyl, Cl-thioanisole, and Br-thioanisole [44]. Chiral sulfoxides are mostly known as important precursors in the pharmaceuhcal industry [13]. For example, modafinil, marketed imder the name Provigil by Cephalon and prescribed for the treatment of imcontrollable sleepiness caused by narcolepsy or sleep apnea, has a chiral sulfoxide center [57, 58]. Esomeprazole, another chiral sulfoxide, is marketed by AstraZeneca imder the name Nexium as a proton pump inhibitor that reduces gastric acid secretion for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease [59]. 

The most common adverse reaction associated with phenobarbital is sedation, which can range from mild sleepiness or drowsiness to somnolence. These dru > may also cause nausea, vomiting, constipation, bradycardia, hypoventilation, skin rash, headache fever, and diarrhea Agitation, rather than sedation, may occur in some patients. Some of these adverse effects may be reduced or eliminated as therapy continues. Occasionally, a slight dosage reduction, without reducing the ability of the drug to control the seizures, will reduce or eliminate some of these adverse reactions. 

Avoid the use of alcohol, as well as other drugs that cause sleepiness or drowsiness, while taking these drugp. 

The most common adverse reaction associated with the administration of fat emulsion is sepsis caused by administration equipment and thrombophlebitis caused by vein irritations from concurrently administering hypertonic solutions. Less frequently occurring adverse reactions include dyspnea, cyanosis, hyperlipidemia, hypercoagulability, nausea, vomiting, headache flushing, increase in temperature sweating, sleepiness, chest and back pain, slight pressure over the eyes, and dizziness. 

Poor sleep architecture and fragmented sleep secondary to OSA can cause excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and neu-rocognitive deficits. These sequelae can affect quality of life and work performance and may be linked to occupational and motor vehicle accidents. OSA is also associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, heart failure, and stroke.21-23 OSA is likely an independent risk factor for the development of hypertension.24 Further, when hypertension is present, it is often resistant to antihypertensive therapy. Fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events are two- to threefold higher in male patients with severe OSA.25 OSA is associated with or aggravates biomarkers for cardiovascular disease, including C-reactive protein and leptin.26,27 Patients with sleep apnea often are obese and maybe predisposed to weight gain. Hence, obesity may further contribute to cardiovascular disease in this patient population. 

Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, may be caused by the lack of hypocretin mRNA and peptides in humans (Peyron et al., 2000) or a disruption of the hypocretin receptor 2 or its ligand in dogs and mice (Lin et al., 1999 Chemelli et al., 1999). Hypocretin-containing neurons are located exclusively in the dorsomedial, lateral, and perifornical hypothalamic areas (Peyron et al., 1998). Two hypocretin sequences, Hcrt-1 (orexin-A) and Hcrt-2 (orexin-B), are generated from a single preprohypocretin (De Lecea et al., 1998 Peyron et al, 1998 Sakurai et al, 1998). Axons from these neurons are found in the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus (LC), raphe nuclei, tuberomamillary nucleus, midline thalamus, all levels of spinal cord, sympathetic and parasympathetic centers, and many other brain regions... 

In humans, the onset of symptoms may be delayed for up to 24 hours. Minor intoxication causes lethargy, confusion, fatigue, inability to concentrate, headache, and feelings of constriction of the chest. With moderate intoxication, effects are more obvious and include thick speech confused, sleepy appearance transient nystagmus and drooping of the eyelids and euphoria. With severe intoxication, there are signs of muscular incoordination tremor and tonic spasms of the muscles of the face, neck, abdomen, and extremities and convulsions and opisthotonos. ... 

Besides weight gain, probably the most common side effect from antipsychotics in young people is sedation. Histamine receptor blockade appears to mediate this side effect. Excessive sleepiness can interfere with a youth s academic performance, cause sluggishness, and cause a child to appear drugged to their peers and family. 

Figure 7.2 Photographed above is a box of Rohypnol tranquillizer pills, powerful sedatives normally prescribed as sleeping pills for insomniacs, which have unfortunately gained notoriety as a "date rape" drug. Rohypnol causes sleepiness and memory loss when dissolved in an alcoholic drink therefore, a blue dye has been added to the pills to prevent this from occurring unnoticed. 

Clinical experiments such as that conducted by George and Dundee (1977) allow the following interpretation intravenous (and, similarly, high oral) doses of benzodiazepines cause sleepiness and eventually induce sleep. Despite being sleepy immediately after the injection, the patients were able to perceive and correctly name pictures shown to them before full anesthesia, but they had only a limited ability to remember the pictures later, once the effect of the substance had... 

Most antipsychotic drugs cause unpleasant subjective effects in nonpsychotic individuals. The mild to severe EPS, including akathisia, sleepiness, restlessness, and autonomic effects are unlike any associated with more familiar sedatives or hypnotics. Nevertheless, low doses of some of these drugs, particularly quetiapine, are used to promote sleep onset and maintenance, although there is no approved indication for such usage. 

The formulas that strongly sedate the Shen can cause a sleepy sensation and decrease the ability to concentrate if they are used in an inappropriate dosage. If these signs are present during the day, one should reduce the dosage of the formula or only use it before going to bed at night. 

Insomnia can have a serious impact on a person s quality of life. Acute insomnia can lead to daytime sleepiness and reduced ability to concentrate, remember things, use logical reasoning, and even impair your ability to drive a car. Chronic insomnia can have major health consequences, such as an increased susceptibility to depression and some forms of heart disease and a reduced ability to fight off colds or infections. There is also a tremendous cost to society caused by insomnia—billions of dollars are spent each year on treatment, healthcare services, and hospital costs. An equal cost can be attributed to lost productivity at work and property and personal damage from accidents caused by sleepy insomniacs. 

Other dissociations are the altered states of consciousness seen in hypnosis and hysteria that have been likened to sleepwalking. The word somnambulism denotes not only sleepwalking per se, it also denotes those hypnotic trance states that impose a kind of sleepiness on susceptible subjects during waking. For Pierre Janet (and for Charcot, Freud, and the rest), this was the very essence of dissociation. The psychoanalytic model ascribed the same repressed libidinal wishes to the hypnotic somnambulist that it found to be the root cause of all dreaming. The fact of the matter is that any coordinated behavior is likely to invite the ascription of motive. If the subject is unconscious or nonconscious, then the motive must be unconscious too. 

Timing is critical for melatonin to be effective if it is given at the wrong time for sleep disorders or jet lag, it can cause increased daytime sleepiness (5,7) and worsened mental performance (8). Drowsiness and a small fall in body temperature are commonly reported effects (9), particularly after daytime administration, when endogenous concentrations of melatonin are low. 

The mushrooms also cause sleepiness and then delirium, so at the very least, they probably interfere with the function of acetylcholine neurons within the cortex. Upon waking, people claim to feel very excited and aggressive for three to 4 hours and to be able to perform extraordinary physical feats. These symptoms... 

---