Skin tests identification

If patients have experienced anaphylaxis, the identification of any possible elicitor is important to help avoid further episodes. With skin tests and specific IgE antibodies combined with history, a relevant allergy may be detected. Cellular tests monitoring basophil histamine release or basophil activation may be helpful in some patients who resist diagnosis by standard means [26,31]. 

Taking the history of the patient and noting the clinical symptoms and localization of the lesions are critical. Allergen identification for a patient with a possible contact allergy to cosmetics is performed by means of patch testing with the standard series, specific cosmetic-test series, the product itself, and all of its ingredients. We can only find the allergens we look for. For skin tests with cosmetic products... 

The key to stopping the spread of TB is early identification of infected individuals. Populations most likely to benefit from skin testing are listed in Table 110-1 (column 1 patients are at highestriskforTB, followed by those in column 2). Members of these high-risk groups should be tested for TB infection and educated about the disease. 

IgE antibodies to iodinated contrast media have not been consistently and convincingly demonstrated. This raises doubts about patient selection (that is, the degree of severity of patient reactions) and the adequacy and appropriateness of the present IgE test methodologies. Challenge tests with contrast media, rarely employed and refused by most patients, are valuable for the identification of tolerated skin test-negative agents. 

Bensaid B, Rozieres A, Nosbaum A, Nicolas JF, Berard F. Amikacin-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome delayed skin test and ELISPOT assay results allow the identification of the culprit drug. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 130(6) 1413. ... 

European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Skin Sensitisation Testing for the Purpose of Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, Mono. No. 29, Brussels, 2000. 

ECETOC. 2000. Skin sensitisation testing for the purpose of hazard identification and risk assessment. ECETOC Monograph No. 29. Brussels ECETOC. 

PETN or materials used for their manuf, such as DPhA or dim ethyl amine) p 3(Improved Webster s test) pp 3-4(SneIling s colorimetric test for TNT on the skin) p 4(Neal s test for TNT on the skin) p 5(Pinto St Fahy s colorimetric test for TNT in the air) 10)G. Halfter 8c H. Winkler, Die Chemie 57, 124-25(1944)(Colori-metri c detn of TNT) lOa)I.Eisdorfer, PicArsn ChemLabRept 107708(l944)(Identification of HE s) ll)M. Schechter 8c H.L. Haller, IEC, AnalEd 16, 325-26(1944)(Colorimetric detn of... 

This assay is a recently published modification of the alkali resistance test.11 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is strongly keratolytic and rapidly introduces structural defects in the horny layer. Burckhardt introduced the alkali resistance test in 1947.12 His goal was to develop a procedure that would enable the identification of individuals at increased risk of chemical injury to skin. In some European centers the alkali resistance test subsequently became an accepted screening procedure, in the United States the test never caught on. Researchers after Burckhardt largely found the alkali resistance test to be unreliable and irreproducible.13,14 Attempts to improve the method failed15 and therefore the alkali resistance test fell into disuse. However, NaOH has been used as an irritant in other tests.16,17... 

York, M., Griffiths, H.A., Whittle, E., and Basketter, D.A. Evaluation of a human patch test for the identification and classification of skin irritation potential. Contact Dermatitis 1996 34 204—212. 

Isolauri, E. and Tumjamaa, K. 1999. Combined skin prick and patch testing enhances identification of food allergy in infants with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 97 9-15. 

Definitive diagnosis is achieved by the measurement of VLCFA in plasma. The results of this analysis are abnormal in nearly all males with X-ALD. The specific analyses that are included are the concentration of C26 0, the ratio of C24 0/C22 0, and the ratio of C26 0/C22 0, all of which are elevated in most cases. Increased concentration of VLCFA in plasma and/or cultured skin fibroblasts also is present in approximately 85% of female carriers, although identification of carriers is now available using molecular methods which are more reliable. Testing of at-risk family members is recommended and can identify affected males who may be candidates for therapy (see Therapy). In addition, it facilitates assessment of adrenocortical function in biochemically affected males, permitting treatment of those with adrenal insufficiency. This testing is accomplished byACTH stimulation. 

This test using animals seems to be the most frequently used predictive test for the identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals or for chemicals prone to cause allergic contact dermatitis. While it is most frequently used for general dermatological investigations, results... 

Basketter DA, Whittle E, Chamberlain M (1994) Identification of irritation and corrosion hazard in skin An alternative strategy to animal testing. Food and Chemical Toxicology 32 539-542... 

The techniques used to obtain these data and to define the extended model of zinc metabolism are Important to define changes In zinc metabolism In both normal and pathological states and are particularly useful as an aid In definition of zinc deficiency. Human zinc deficiency has been difficult to Identify because Its symptoms are complex and variable (, 8-11) ranging from Impairments of taste and smell to skin rash and dwarfism. There Is presently no adequate clinical test for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency In humans, which further complicates Its Identification. Zinc content In serum, plasma, red blood cells,urine, saliva or hair have proven Inadequate for specific diagnosis of Individual cases of zinc deflclency(6,8-12). 

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