Skin cancer, incidence

Shore, R.E., Albert, R.E., Reed, M., Harley, N., and Pasternack, B.S. (1984). Skin cancer incidence among children irradiated for ringworm of the scalp, Radiat. Res. 110,192. 

Gasparro, F.R The role of PUVA in the treatment of psoriasis. Photobiology issues related to skin-cancer incidence. Am J Clin Dermatol. 1, 337, 2000. 

Moloney FJ, Comber H, O Lorcain P, O Kelly P, Conlon PJ, Murphy GM. A population based study of skin cancer incidence and prevalence in renal transplant recipients. Brit J Dermatol 2006 154 498-504. 

Skin cancer incidence Swedish east coast (Baltic Sea) fishermen consuming fish with RGBs versus west coast fishermen 2,896 (east) 8,477 (west) 1965-1988 1968-1988 IRR 1.88 (95% Gl= 1.15-3.09)... 

Other investigators who have examined the possibility of increased skin cancer incidence in psoriasis patients (Jones et al.1985 Menter and Cram 1983 Torinuki and Tagami 1988) have concluded that coal tar treatment did not produce an increase in cancer incidence, but all of these studies are limited in scope and it is not likely that they would be sufficiently sensitive to detect a small increase in risk. Jones et al. (1985) reported no increase in cancer incidence in 719 tar-treated psoriasis patients compared with the general population. Torinuki and Tagami (1988) reported no effect of tar on cancer rates in patients treated with coal tar and UV light, but only 5 of 43 patients had a follow-up duration of >6 years and this is likely to be insufficient to detect a possible cancer effect. Menter and Cram (1983) reported their opinion that there was no increase in incidence of skin cancer in patients treated with UV light and coal tar, but this was a study of the efficacy of the treatment regime and thus, no untreated controls were included for comparison and no statistical analysis was performed. 

There is some evidence of its carcinogenic actions in animals and humans. Reserpine given orally to rats caused tumors in skin, liver, and blood. In humans itmay cause skin cancer. Incidence of breast cancers have been found to be high in women treated with reserpine. 

Equation 25 represents the reaction responsible for the removal of uv-B radiation (280—330 nm) that would otherwise reach the earth s surface. There is concern that any process that depletes stratospheric o2one will consequently increase uv-B (in the 293—320 nm region) reaching the surface. Increased uv-B is expected to lead to increased incidence of skin cancer and it could have deleterious effects on certain ecosystems. The first concern over depletion was from NO emissions from a fleet of supersonic transport aircraft that would fly through the stratosphere and cause reactions according to equations 3 and 26 (59) ... 

Depletion of the Ozone Layer. As a constituent of the atmosphere, ozone forms a protective screen by absorbing radiation of wavelengths between 200 and 300 nm, which can damage DNA and be harmful to life. Consequently, a decrease in the stratospheric ozone concentration results in an increase in the uv radiation reaching the earth s surfaces, thus adversely affecting the climate as well as plant and animal life. Pot example, the incidence of skin cancer is related to the amount of exposure to uv radiation. 

The other global environmental problem, stratospheric ozone depletion, was less controversial and more imminent. The U.S. Senate Committee Report supporting the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 states, Destruction of the ozone layer is caused primarily by the release into the atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and similar manufactured substances—persistent chemicals that rise into the stratosphere where they catalyze the destruction of stratospheric ozone. A decrease in stratospheric ozone will allow more ultraviolet (UV) radiation to reach Earth, resulting in increased rates of disease in humans, including increased incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, and, potentially, suppression of the immune system. Increased UV radiation has also been shown to damage crops and marine resources."... 

Depletion of O3 results in an increased penetration of ultraviolet light with wavelengths in the range 290-320 nm which may in time effect changes in climate and perhaps lead also to an increased incidence of skin cancer in... 

Ozone forms a layer around the Earth that insulates against thermal radiation. This layer is being destroyed by pollutants (principally fluorocarbons). The effect of the depletion of the ozone layer is to warm the Earth (and hence exacerbate the greenhouse effect) and may also lead to an increase in the incidence of skin cancers. 

If the UV radiation were to reach the surface of the earth, it could have several adverse effects. A 5% decrease in ozone concentration could increase the incidence of skin cancer by 10% to 20%. Ultraviolet radiation is also a factor in diseases of the eye, including cataract formation. 

Currently, 13-cis-retinoic acid is the most studied chemopreventive agent that decreases the incidence of second primary tumors in patients with head-and-neck cancer, reverses premalignant lesions, and reduces appearance of nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. Unfortunately, this vitamin A derivative has a significant clinical toxicity, which limits its utility in a practice setting. 

Washington CV, Grimes PE (2003) Incidence and prevention of skin cancer. Cosmet Dermatol 16(83) 46-48... 

Hartevelt, M.M. et al., Incidence of skin cancer after renal transplantation in The Netherlands, Transplantation, 49, 506, 1990. 

Yarosh, D. et al., Pyrimidine dimer removal enhanced by DNA repair liposomes reduces the incidence of UV skin cancer in mice, Cancer Res. 52,4224-4231, 1992. 

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