Single sonication

In water, a particle of lecithin exhibits myelin growth, ie, cylindrical sheets that are formed by bdayers and are separated by water which may break up into liposomes (vesicles with a single bilayer of Hpid enclosing an aqueous space). PhosphoHpids more generally form multilamellar vesicles (MLV) (5). These usually are converted to unilamellar vesicles (ULV) upon treatment, eg, sonication. Like other antipolar, surface-active agents, the phosphoHpids are... 

Capacity. Pumps deHver a certain capacity, Q, sometimes referred to as flow, which can be measured directly by venturi, orifice plate (11), or magnetic meters (12) (see Flow measurement). The indirect way to determine capacity is often used. Whereas this method is less accurate than applying a flow meter, it often is the only method available in the field. The total head is measured and the capacity found from the pump head—capacity (H— curve (Fig. 2). More recently, sonic flow meters (13) have been used, which can be installed on the piping without the need for pipe disassembly. These meters are simple to use, but require relatively clean single-phase Hquid for reHable measurements. 

The impellers for centrifugal compressors are assemblies consisting of three parts the hub disc, the blades, and the cover disc. The hub and cover disc are machined from single-piece forgings of an alloy steel suitable for the application of the compressor. Blades are machined from forged steel plates of identical material. Each forging is checked with either sonic or X-ray machines to detect flaws or inclusions. 

Batzri, S., and Korn, E. D. (1973). Single bilayer liposomes prepared without sonication, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 298, 1015-1019. 

Brunner, J., Skrabal, P., and Hauser, H. (1976). Single bilayer vesicles prepared without sonication. Physico-chemical piwperlies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 455, 322-331. 

The second model of a biological membrane is the liposome (lipid vesicle), formed by dispersing a lipid in an aqueous solution by sonication. In this way, small liposomes with a single BLM are formed (Fig. 6.11), with a diameter of about 50 nm. Electrochemical measurements cannot be carried out directly on liposomes because of their small dimensions. After addition of a lipid-soluble ion (such as the tetraphenylphosphonium ion) to the bathing solution, however, its distribution between this solution and the liposome is measured, yielding the membrane potential according to Eq. 

Wayment DG, Casadonte DJ (2002) Design and calibration of a single-transducer variable-frequency sonication system. Ultrason Sonochem 9 189-195... 

Although the single bubble experiment in Fig. 14.10b and the aforementioned multi-bubble work of Didenko et al. does support the hypothesis that thermal conductivity is a defining parameter of SL emission intensity, an alternative explanation attributes the trend in multi-bubble systems to the gas solubility, rather than the thermal conductivity. If the SL data from Fig. 14.9 is re-plotted as a function of the gas solubility, as shown below in Fig. 14.11, a very good correlation is found. This explanation is supported by several studies by Okitsu et al. [42, 59]. They found sonochemical activity to obey the same trend for the rare gases as for thermal conductivity, SL luminosity and temperature, as described above. This is evident in Fig. 14.12, which shows the sonochemical reduction of Au(III) to colloidal gold as a function of sonication time for different gas atmospheres. 

The ratio of the sonic velocity in a homogeneous two-phase mixture to that in a gas alone is cm/c = Pg/ePm = Vpl/ATO — ). This ratio can be much smaller than unity, so choking can occur in a two-phase mixture at a significantly higher downstream pressure than for single phase gas flow (i.e., at a lower pressure drop and a correspondingly lower mass flux). 

Single-step fabrication of drug-encapsulated inorganic microspheres with complex form by sonication-induced nanoparticle assembly Chemical Communications,... 

Table 4 The molecular weight, sonic modulus and strength of experimental PpPTA yarns. The molecular weight of a single monomer is 238... 

Although there is a wide range of explosions types, vapor cloud explosions are a primary concern in the petrochemical industry. Because there are no codes or industry standards for determining what blast overpressures should be used, the design blast loads are usually supplied by the facility owner. Considering the wide variety of processes, it is easy to understand why these overpressures will be different from one owner to the next and even for different locations within a single facility. Sonic owners have several hazard levels which are used to classify different plant arcas. These hazard levels are based on the material handled and the process used. 

Park C, Ounaies Z, Watson KA, Crooks RE, Smith J, Lowther SE, Connell JW, Siochi EJ, Harrison JS, Clair TL (2002). Dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes by in situ polymerization under sonication. Chem. Phys. Lett. 364 303-308. 

There are two types of reaction involving metals (1) in which the metal is a reagent and is consumed in the process and (2) in which the metal functions as a catalyst. While it is certainly true that any cleansing of metallic surfaces will enhance their chemical reactivity, in many cases it would seem that this effect alone is not sufficient to explain the extent of the sonochemically enhanced reactivity. In such cases it is thought that sonication serves to sweep reactive intermediates, or products, clear of the metal surface and thus present renewed clean surfaces for reaction. Other ideas include the possibility of enhanced single electron transfer (SET) reactions at the surface. 

The reaction is performed in the bath itself and is therefore subjected to direct sonication. The acoustic field is more regular throughout the reacting system as a single flat emitting face is used. The vessel itself is enclosed and can be equipped with the... 

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