Single plenum

The alternative to using a single plenum and adjusting the gas flow with the distributor plate is the use of a split plenum. Here, the gas flow is regulated separately through a central and annular plenum. The air can be supplied by a single blower but separate controls are necessary for each plenum. If independent control of the gas flow to each plenum is required, then two blowers are necessary. 

Figure 11. Alternative gas distribution systems in fluidized bed coaters, (a) single plenum and (b) split plenum.

Virtually all the fires resulted in a CO concentration in the room upper level which was sufficiently high to cause serious concern. However, in all single plenum cases, the size of the lower level (cold layer) in the room and its CO concentrations were such that escape was virtually always possible. 

A total of ca. 60 simulations were run and in the vast majority of them PVC decomposition plays a negligible, if any, role. In only two of the single plenum simulations was there a high enough plenum temperature for PVC decomposition to take place over a period of more than 1 min. Those worst cases, viz. 2, and 13, were analysed further, by considering various rates of PVC decomposition (HC1 generation), depending on upper level temperatures. 

Figure 18.2 shows a cross section of a typical single pass dryer with a single plenum airflow arranganent The plenums are the chambers located beside the conveyor bed, which collect the process air and channel it into and ont of... 

FIGURE 17.2 Typical cross section of a steam heated, single plenum, single pass dryer. 

H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, eds.. Single Charge Tunneling. Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Nanostructures, Plenum Press, New York, 1992. 

Some manufacturers are using relatively low-pressure air (100 kPa, or 15 Ibfiin", instead of 690 kPa, or 100 Ibf/in") and are eliminating the venturi tubes for clean-gas induction. Others have eliminated the separate jet nozzles located at the individual bags and use a single jet to inject a pulse into the outlet-gas plenum. 

The principle application of XRF thin-film analysis is in the simultaneous determination of composition and thickness. The technique has been used for the routine analysis of single-layer films since 1977 and multiple-layer films since 1986. Two main sources of publications in the fields are the annual volumes of Advances in X-Ray Analysis by Plenum Press, New York, and the Journal of X-Ray Spectrometry by Heyden and Sons, London. Typical examples on the analysis of single-layer films and multiple-layer films are used to illustrate the capabilities of the technique. 

Figure 2.40 shows the unsteady flow upstream of the ONE in one of the parallel micro-channels of d = 130 pm at = 228kW/m, m = 0.044 g/s (Hetsroni et al. 2001b). In this part of the micro-channel single-phase water flow was mainly observed. Clusters of water appeared as a jet, penetrating the bulk of the water (Fig. 2.40a). The vapor jet moved in the upstream direction, and the space that it occupied increased (Fig. 2.40b). In Fig. 2.40a,b the flow moved from bottom to top. These pictures were obtained at the same part of the micro-channel but not simultaneously. The time interval between events shown in Fig. 2.40a and Fig. 2.40b is 0.055 s. As a result, the vapor accumulated in the inlet plenum and led to increased inlet temperature and to increased temperature and pressure fluctuations.

B Sackmann and E Neher, Single Channel Recording, Plenum, New York (1995). 

Sakmann, B., and E. Neher (Eds), Single-Channel Recordings, Plenum Press, New York, 1983. 

Grabert H, Devoret MH (eds) (1992) Single charge tunneling. Coulomb blockade phenomena in nanostructures. Plenum, New York... 

D. J. S. Birch and R. E. Imhof, Time-domain fluorescence spectroscopy using time-correlated single-photon counting, in Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy (J. R. Lakowicz, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 1-95, Plenum Press, New York (1991). 

Stiihmer W, Parekh AB. 1995. Electrophysiological recordings from Xenopus oocytes. Single-channel recording. Second edition. Sakmann B, Neher E, editors. New York Plenum Press pp 341-356. 

Figure 6.1 shows the apparatus diagram. The diffusion flame burner consisted of an air plenum with an exit diameter of 22 mm, forced at a Strouhal number of 0.73 (100 Hz) by a single acoustic driver, and a coaxial fuel injection ring of diameter 24 mm, fed by a plenum forced by two acoustic drivers at either 100 Hz (single-phase injection) or 200 Hz (dual-phase injection). The fuel was injected circumferentially directly into the shear layer and roll-up region for the air vortices. In addition, this fuel injection was sandwiched between the central air flow and the external air entrainment. Thus the fuel injection was a thin cylindrical flow acted upon from both sides by air flow. 

Single-Channel Recording , Sakmann, B. Neher, E., Ed. Plenum Press NY, 1983. 

Saunders, M. J., 1980. The effect of an electric field on the backscattered radiance of a single water droplet, in Light Scattering by Irregularly Shaped Particles, D. Schuerman (Ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 237-242. 

Nikoonahad, M. and Liu, D. C. (1990). Pulse-echo single frequency acoustic nonlinearity parameter (B/A) measurement. IEEE Trans. UFFC 37, 127-34. [43, 181] Nikoonahad, M. and Sivers, E. A. (1989). Dual beam differential amplitude contrast scanning acoustic microscopy. In Acoustical imaging, Vol. 17 (ed. H. Shimizu, N. Chubachi, and J. Kushibiki), pp. 17-25. Plenum Press, New York. [69]... 

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