Simon test

Two color tests to distinguish primary and secondary aliphatic amines have been available for many years, although they have not been widely used. More recently, these tests have been extended to primary, secondary, and tertiary aromatic amines. No attempt is made here to explain the complex color-forming reactions that occur. However, they most likely involve the reaction of the amine with either acetone, the Ramini test, or acetaldehyde, the Simon test, and the interaction of the resulting products with sodium nitroprusside to form colored complexes. 

To apply these tests to an unknown amine, the conventional Ramini or Simon tests are first performed. These will give positive results in the cases of primary and secondary aliphatic amines. If these tests are negative and an aromatic amine is suspected, the modified versions of these tests are then performed. Reference to Figure 25.7 is helpful for interpreting the results of these tests. 

Conventionai Tests. Prepare the sodium nitroprusside reagent for use in both the oonventional Ramini and Simon tests by dissolving 0.4 g of sodium nitroprusside (Na2[Fe(NO)(CN)5] 2 H2O in 10 mL of 50% aqueous methanol. 

Simon Test. To 1 mL of the sodium nitroprusside reagent, add 1 mL of water, 0.2 mL (5 drops) of 2.5 M aqueous aoetaldehyde solution, and about 30 mg of an amine. As in the Ramini test, oolor formation normally ooours in a few seoonds, although times up to 2 min are ooeasionally neoessary. 

The Marquis reagent reacts with amphetamine and methamphetamine to produce the orange-red product shown in Figure 7.14 and in the color insert. The proposed mechanism involves an attack of the amine on the carbonyl of formaldehyde, although the path from there to the products proposed is debatable. The orange color produced by amphetamine and methamphetamine is distinctive, but to differentiate amphetamine (a primary amine) from methamphetamine (a secondary amine), an additional color test is needed. The Simon test, described shortly, is employed to differentiate the two compoimds. 

Transition Metal Complexes Related to the Simon test is a family of color-producing reactions based on transition metal complexes (coordination complexes) and tightly associated ion pairs. Coordination complexes arise from a Lewis acid-base interaction between a metal cation, such as cobalt, and an atom with unshared electrons, such as water or, in the case of drugs, basic nitrogen found in alkaloids and amines. Metals that have been used in these reagents include copper, vanadium, bismuth, and cobalt Cobalt, as part of two common reagents (cobalt thiocyanate and Dilli-Koppanyi) is perhaps the most versatile. Cobalt has an electron structure of 3d 4s, while ttie cation has a 3d (2 ) or 3d (3 ") structure. 

Pigment Presumptive test roid rage Salicylates Simon test... 

The financial support of the EU Commission to the in-plant testing and validation work packages, in the frame ofthe BRITE-EURAM Project 6056 "SIMON" is gratefully acknowledged. 

Cadwell, J.J., McEachem, D.W., Read, J.W., Simon, W.A. and Walker, R.F., Operational testing highlights of Fort St. Vrain. In Proceeding of the Symposium on Gas-Cooled Reactors with Emphasis on Advanced Systems, Vol. 1, lAEA-SM-200/58, IAEA, Vienna, 1976, pp. 151 163. 

The CDC-NIH document describes, in detail, the different uses of the different classes and types of BSCs and the type of protection (personnel, product, and environmental) each type provides. The document also provides a detailed comparison of filtration (air cleaning), airflow pattern (into the cabinet from the room or from the supply duct), and necessary performance tests (leak, velocity profile, differential pressure, etc.) for each type of BSC (see also Simons ). 

The most satisfactory test for caramel is to shake with Fuller s earth, as recommended - by Crampton and Simons. If the colour is due to caramel and a grade of I uller s earth is used, which experience has proved suitable, the solution, after filtering, is yellow or colourless. This test does not positively identify the colour, as some other brown substances may give similar reactions, but no such substance is liable to be present in vanilla extract. 

Fig. 2.7 (a) Spray and jet impingement cooling. Reprinted from Lasance and Simons (2005) with permission, (b) Details of the test section, (c) HAGO nozzle and spray details. Parts (b reprinted from Fabbri et al. (2005) with permission... 

Simon That is what we are planning to do. We need to show that all stem cells express CEV3, and that all C-LT/bbexpressing cells are stem cells. We are designing an experiment to test this. 

Numerous reports concerning the stability of neomycin in various dosage forms have been published. Simone and Popino298 studied the stability of neomycin in liquid dosage forms such as nasal drops, mouth washes and tinctures. The antibiotic was stable in all the formulations tested, except Dobells solution (a mouth wash), for at least 6 months at 20°C. Some formulations were stable for considerably longer. 

Simone and Popino have considered the stability of neomycin in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ointment bases. No loss of potency over a period of 1 year at 20°C was reported for formulations containing carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol(P.E.G.) or white-soft paraffin. However, formulations containing hydrous lanolin were reported to be unstable. All materials used in the formulations were obtained from U.S. sources. Coates et al3°l investigated the use of P.E.G. from British sources and described neomycin as being incompatible with the materials tested. 

Since theoretical calculation of effectiveness is uncertain and is moreover sensitive to operating conditions, for industrially important cases it is determined by such reaction tests. Common types of curve fits may be used. For ammonia synthesis catalyst, for instance, an equation is provided by Dyson Simon (IEC Fundam 7 605, 1968) in terms of temperature and... 

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