Similarity, continued

Commercially, stabilization is accomplished by controlled heating in air at temperatures of 200—300°C. A variety of equipment has been proposed for continuous stabilization. One basic approach is to pass a fiber tow through heated chambers for sufficient time to oxidize the fiber. Both Mitsubishi and Toho patents (23,24) describe similar continuous processes wherein the fiber can pass through multiple ovens to increase temperature and reaction rate as the thermal stabiUty of the fiber is increased. Alternatively, patents have described processes where the fiber passes over hot roUs (25) and through fluidized beds (26) to provide more effective heat transfer and control of fiber bundle temperature. 

It should therefore not be surprising that for relatively small-scale operations involving solids handling within the fine and intermediate chemicals industry, batch operation is preferred. Similarly, continuous processes that involve precipitation or crystallization, a common unit operation in fine chemicals, are rare. Small-scale examples are known, for instance, a continuous crystallization process was used by Bristol-Myres Squibb in order to improve dissolution rates and bioavailability of the product [12]. The above does indicate that not all process or parts thereof are suited for conversion from B2C, given the current technology. 

Next to the detection of enzyme inhibition, ESI-MS can also be used to monitor protein-ligand interaction, employing an assay format similar to fluorescence-based receptor assays. Using a similar continuous-flow analytical screening system as shown in Fig. 5.2, a competitive assay can be set up using ESI-MS to measure the interaction of the analyte(s) with an affinity protein such as an antibody, receptor or enzyme [28]. Figure 5.10 shows the equilibrium reactions that form the basis of the assay concept. In a first step, the sample was injected into a con-... 

A similar continuity in the Tj s through the melting temperature was previously reported for linear polyethylene. (17) We have now investigated the temperature dependence of this quantity, for this polymer, in more detail and have also studied a low density (branched) polyethylene. The results for the poly-ethylenes are summarized in Fig. 8. The new data reported here substantiate the conclusion previously reached for linear polyethylene. A similar conclusion can now be reached for the baclc-bone carbons of low density (branched) polyethylene. The melting temperature for this particular sample, under the crystallization conditions studied, is less than 110°C. (33) Thus, the spin-lattice relaxation parameters for the bac)cbone carbons are the same for both the linear and branched polymers over the temperature range studied here. Changes that occur in Tq as the temperature is reduced below 0°C involve other considerations and will be discussed in detail elsewhere. (22)... 

Diethyl ether (Et20) can be prepared by heating ethanol with sulphuric acid at about 140 °C, and adding more alcohol as the ether distils out of the reaction medium. A similar continuous etherification process is used industrially. A more general procedure for the preparation of symmetrical ethers from primary alcohols (e.g. dibutyl ether, Expt 5.70) is to arrange for the water formed in the reaction to be removed azeotropically. 

Other common continuous mixers involve substantial modification of single and twin screw extruders, aimed at improving distributive mixing capability in particular, and leading to the development of continuous mixers such as the Transfermix (50) and the Buss Ko-Kneader (51). Another approach in continuous mixer development is to transform batch mixers into continuous ones. Thus, the roll-mill can be converted into a continuous mixer by feeding raw material on one side and continuously stripping product on the other side. In addition, the Banbury mixer was imaginatively transformed into the Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCM) by Ahlefeld et al. (52), and, later, two similar continuous mixers were developed by Okada et al. (53) at Japan Steel Works and by Inoue et al. (54) at Kobe Steel. 

Construction difficulty and cost are close to those for the rotating-basket and other similar continuously stirred tank reactors. 

There is an interesting structural similarity between (66) and the other subjects of this section -(67) [149], (68) [150], (69) [151] and (70) [152,153] - in that they are all composed of 4-aminophenyl groups substituted at a meso position of a linearly fused tricyclic aromatic frame. The similarity continues even in their experimental behaviour in that protonation causes significant fluorescence enhancements in all cases. The structural elaboration of the aniline unit in (70) allows similar switching on with calcium ions. The case (70) is taken up further in Sect. 7. Additionally, (69) with its very electron deficient acridinium acceptor unit shows extensive perturbation of absorption spectra by several cations. Again, the acidity constants are experimentally identical in both the ground and excited singlet states. We close this final section of the survey... 

If the soln. of sodium chloride to be electrolyzed is acidified with hydrochloric acid, the acid is first electrolyzed, and this continues until the soln. is nearly neutral, but the trace of hydrochloric acid which escapes electrolysis liberates hypochlorous acid, which then decomposes and increases the yield of chlorate. If acid be added to the soln. before the hypochlorous acid has attained its maximum concentration, all the hypochlorous acid in soln. is oxidized to chlorate, and if the addition of acid be similarly continued, 90 per cent, of the theoretical yield of chlorate can be obtained. Similar results can be obtained by keeping the soln. slightly acid by the addition of potassium acid fl uoride, KHF2, or alkali bicarbonate. 

The similarities continue with regard to when and why an urgent supply can be made under the Patient Group Direction. In order to use a Patient Group Direction the following criteria must be met ... 

In the examples above, (a) was what we call a continuous object in that it was composed of a continuum of points covering a defined area, namely a square or the surface of a duck. The diffraction patterns were similarly continuous. Molecules, however, are not really continuous they are composed of atoms, which serve as discrete scattering points. In Figure 1.6, for example, we have an arbitrary distribution of scattering points, like atoms in a molecule, and in (b) we see the diffraction pattern of the atom set. Note that even though the object is composed of unique scattering points, the diffraction pattern is still more or less continuous. Thus we should expect the diffraction pattern of a single molecule to be continuous, even if the molecule itself is not. 

Figure 12.2.3b is an enlargement of the small square of Figure 12.2.3a. The characteristic fine structure of the attractor begins to emerge. There seem to be six parallel curves a lone curve near the middle of the frame, then two closely spaced curves above it, and then three more. If we zoom in on those three curves (Figure 12.2.3c), it becomes clear that they are actually six curves, grouped one, two, three, exactly as before And those curves are themselves made of thinner curves in the same pattern, and so on. The self-similarity continues to arbitrarily small scales.

Similar continuous bands were observed near or at the longer wavelength side of the heterodimer bands in all the reaction systems studied except for... 

Direct references to the violent, abusive nature of false words and stories reflect the play s pervasive anxieties about lies, hypocrisy, and treachery. The play is filled with examples of deceptive resemblances, twinned doubles who are similar, but not quite identical. Words, similarly, continually threaten false representation. Early in the play, for instance, Polonius warns Ophelia of the unreliability of Hamlet s words ... 

A similar continuous culture system accommodating 41 liquid medium is in use in our laboratory for permanent production of cells needed for different kinds of experiments (Fig. 6). The vessel contains a double-walled Waldhof cylinder, which serves for heat transfer, and a stirrer which can be driven up to 2000 r.p.m. The flow of the incoming medium is controlled by a magnetic valve with timer and passes a thermal-trap heated to 70° C in order to prevent backgrowth of cells into the reservoir vessel. The gas supply is controlled by flow meters. With this system, a constant cell density of 3 g dry weight/1 could be maintained for months. 

This kind of behavior was already seen in the cyclic voltammograms in Figure 11.30. The cyclic voltammograms showed that the oxidation potential could be continuously changed. A similar continuous shift is expected and could be found for the band structure, if the compounds are characterized using the methods described in Section 11.5. 

The fissionable isotope passes from e water solution into the organic solvent, which is separated at the top of the column. The water solution containing the fission products is passed out of the bottom of the column into waste. The organic solvent containing the fissionable isotope is next charged to a similar continuous... 

The fissionable isotope passes from the water solution into the organic solvent, which is separated at the top of the column. The water solution containing the fission products is passed out of the bottom of the column into waste. The organic solvent containing the fissionable isotope is next charged to a similar continuous counter-current extraction column at the bottom and re-extracted into a water solution of the composition used in the pile. The columns are identical in construction, and the water layer from the bottom of the second column can be pumped directly back into the reactor or can be passed through further purification cycles as above, if needed. 

A special note should be made concerning the use of atom-in-molecule densities. The basic aspects of atom-density-based similarity continue to be valid. The reader is referred to the section on atoms-in-molecules similarity and chirality for an in-depth discussion of these domains of research. 

Several yam manufacturing methods exist in the textile industry. The characteristics of the yam that is used in constmcting a fabric highly influences the mechanical properties of the fabric and similarly, the yam characteristics are strongly dependent upon the fibre characteristics and the yam stmcture. The yam can be formed by using either staple fibres or continuous filaments. Several spinning systems exist for processing staple fibre yams, each of which has a different structure and exhibits different properties. Similarly, continuous filament yams can be manufactured as either monofilaments or multifilaments, with or without twist imparted into them. 

Fig. la shows spherical particles adhering to each other in more or less linear arrangement, Fig. lb rodlet shaped particles building up a similar continuous framework. In Fig. Ic the case of linear macro-molecules forming a framework consisting of molecular chains with junction points of a crystalline nature is represented. Fig. Id shows a typical case of gel formation by chemical cross-linking of dissolved linear macromolecules. Such a case can, e. g., be reali2 ed if a rubber solution is vulcanised... 

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