Significance acid value

Tobacco Alkaloids. The relatively small number of alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid (27) (the tobacco alkaloids) are obtained from plants of significant commercial value and have been extensively studied. They are distinguished from the bases derived from ornithine (23) and, in particular, lysine (24), since the six-membered aromatic substituted pyridine nucleus common to these bases apparendy is not derived from (24). 

Distillation By-Products. Of the CTO distiHation by-products, ie, pitch, heads, and DistiHed TaH Oil (DTO), only the last, a unique mixture of rosin and fatty acids, has significant commercial value. Pitch and heads are used as fuel the former has a fuel value of 41,800 kj/kg. TaH oil heads have outstanding solvent properties, but also have a bad odor, which is hard to remove. They contain a relatively high fraction of palmitic acid which can be recovered by crystallization. 

Olefins in the C3-320°C range had significant synthetic value, and additional olefins were produced by thermal cracking in some facilities. Acid-catalyzed and thermal olefin oligomerization were important technologies for the upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch products. 

When the proportion of biliary DCA, expressed as a percentage of total bile acids, was measured in the same three groups of individuals in the Octreotide studies, a similar pattern of results was found to that described above for bile lipids - namely, low values (approximately 12%) in the so-called controls and significantly higher values (approximately 24%) in the two groups of stone carriers. ... 

The reader should note, however, that some acidity values have changed since first reported, owing both to changes in the absolute acidities used to anchor the relative acidity scale, and to the correction of a significant error in the 1979 ICR acidity scale. The current data compilation reflects these changes. ... 

The roaster product is lcachcd with spent electrolyte 1 sulfuric acid) under near-neutral conditions to dissolve most of the zinc, copper, and cadmium, but little of the iron. The leach residue solids are releached in hot, strong add to dissolve more zinc, since it attacks the otherwise insoluble zinc femtes. The iron which is also dissolved in this second leach is then precipitated as jarosite, goethite, or hematite. The development of these iron predpitation techniques permitted the use of the hot. strong acid leach and an increase 111 zinc extraction from about 87% to greater Ilian 95%. Simultaneously, the hot acid leach frequently generates a leach residue rich enough in lead and silver to provide significant byproduct value, as well as increased recovery of cadmium and copper. 

In contrast to the broad variety of applications of 1 - 4 and 1 3 linked glucans after reaction with (C2 to C4) carboxylic acid anhydrides and chlorides [159], the use of dextran esters of short chain aliphatic acids such as acetates or propionates is rather limited. According to the present knowledge, the commonly applied acetylation of polysaccharides with the acetic acid anhydrides or acetyl chlorides in the presence of triethylamine or pyridine as base does not lead to pure and soluble dextran acetate with significant DS values. In contrast, dextran propionates [160] and butyrates [161] can be... 

Insecticides of the pyrethroid class, such as trans-chrysanthemic acid (190), have significant commercial value (see Chapter 31).241 An asymmetric synthesis of 190 has been achieved through the use of a chiral copper carbenoid reaction (Scheme 12.77).242 243 With ethyl diazoacetate, equal amounts of the cis- and trans-cyclopropanes were formed. However, when the size of the alkyl... 

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