Signal transduction cascades

The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of seryl, threonyl, and tyrosyl residues regulate the activity of certain enzymes of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and the properties of proteins that participate in signal transduction cascades. 

These data indicate that Raf-1 acts downstream of growth factor receptors in the signal transduction cascade. Where Raf-1 acts in this cascade is not clear, but evidence is mounting that indicates it acts downstream of rasl and upstream of MAPKK (reviewed in Roberts, 1992). Although Raf-1 shows no homology to STE11, a S. cerevisiae activator of MAPKK, it can activate both MAPKK and MAPK (Dent et al., 1992 Howe et al., 1992 Kyriakis et al., 1992). 

Components of Tyrosine Kinase Signal Transduction Cascades Are Discovered as Cellular (or Viral) Oncogenes... 

M2 subtype modulates the amount of REM sleep. If postsynaptic muscarinic receptors of the M2 subtype contribute to REM sleep generation, then pharmacological manipulation of M2-activated signal transduction cascades would be anticipated to alter REM sleep (1.2 on Fig. 5.1). 

MacKenzie, R. S., Melan, M. A., Passey, D. K. Witt-Enderby, P. A. (2002). Dual coupling of MTi and MT2 melatonin receptors to cyclic AMP and phosphoinositide signal transduction cascades and their regulation following melatonin exposure. Biochem. Pharmacol. 63, 587-95. 

Berhow, M.T., Hiroi, N., Nestler, EJ. Regulation of ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase), part of the neurotrophin signal transduction cascade, in the rat mesolimbic dopamine system by chronic exposure to morphine or cocaine. J. Neurosci. 16 4707, 1996. 

Pierce, R.C., Pierce-Bancroft, A.F., Prasad, B.M. Neurotrophin-3 contributes to the initiation of behavioral sensitization to cocaine by activating the Ras/Mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction cascade. J. Neurosci. 19 8685, 1999. 

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules signal to the cytoplasm. In some instances, adhesion may act primarily to bind membranes to surfaces but it now seems clear that some IgCAMs act via the cytoplasmic domain after engaging with a cognate partner molecule to initiate a signal-transduction cascade as a direct consequence of an adhesive interaction. A good example of this is the Trk receptors, which have two Ig domains in their... 

Adenylyl cyclase in learning and memory. The cAMP-signal transduction cascade has been demonstrated to play a role critical to the formation of long-term memory in both cellular models and in animals. The specific adenylyl cyclases involved are being identified by current research. In AC1 mutant mice there is a partial disruption of long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of... 

The Ras signal transduction cascade is of extreme physiological importance. It is central to the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and false regulation of this signal pathway can be one of the critical steps leading to cell transformation.151 A... 

Figure 18.2 Signal transduction cascades set in motion by a Ca2+ rise near the cell membrane. (From Deisseroth et al., 2003. Copyright 2003, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Hormone and neurotransmitter synthesis and catabolism signal transduction cascades. 

The H2 signal transduction cascade involves an H2 sensor (HupUV), the regulatory soluble [NiFe] hydrogenase and a two-component regulatory system (HupT/HupR). 

Missense mutations in the Notch3 gene cause CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and lenkoencephalopathy). Notch is a type I integral membrane protein proteolytically processed in its extracellular domain by fnrin and the metalloproteinase knzbanian. The signal transduction cascade... 

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