Side population

Figure 12.5. (a) Lattice model showing a polymer chain of 200 beads , originally in a random configuration, after 10,000 Monte Carlo steps. The full model has 90% of lattice sites occupied by chains and 10% vacant, (b) Half of a lattice model eontaining two similar chain populations placed in contact. The left-hand side population is shown after 50,0000 Monte Carlo steps the short lines show the loeation of the original polymer interface (courtesy K. Anderson). 

Kim M, Morshead CM. 2003. Distinct populations of forebrain neural stem and progenitor cells can be isolated using side-population analysis. J Neurosci 23 10703-10709. 

Ghiba T, Kita K, Zheng YW, Yokosuka 0, Saisho H, Iwama A et al (2006). Side population purified from hepatocellular carcinoma cells harbors cancer stem cell-like properties. Hepatology240-251. 

Hitherto the discussion of Fig. 5.2 has neglected the possibility of non-radiative decay following 4d shell excitation/ionization. These processes are explained with the help of Fig. 5.2(h) which also reproduces the photoelectron emission discussed above, because both photo- and autoionization/Auger electrons will finally yield the observed pattern of electron emission. (In this context it should be noted that in general such direct photoionization and non-radiative decay processes will interfere (see below).) As can be inferred from Fig. 5.2(h), two distinct features arise from non-radiative decay of 4d excitation/ionization. First, 4d -> n/ resonance excitation, indicated on the photon energy scale on the left-hand side, populates certain outer-shell satellites, the so-called resonance Auger transitions (see below), via autoionization decay. An example of special interest in the present context is given by... 

Zhou S, Schuetz JD, Bunting KD, Colapietro AM, Sampath J, Morris JJ, Lagutina I, Grosveld GC, Osawa M, Nakauchi H, Sorrentino BP. The ABC transporter Bcrpl/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat Med 2001 7 1028-1034. 

Zhou S, Morris JJ, Barnes Y, Lan L, Schuetz JD, Sorrentino BP. Bcrpl gene expression is required for normal numbers of side population stem cells in mice, and confers relative protection to mitoxantrone in hematopoietic cells in vivo. PNAS 2001 99 12339-12344. 

Uchida N, Fujisaki T, Eaves A C, et al. (2001). Transplantable hematopoietic stem cells in human fetal liver have a CD34(-I-) side population (SP)phenotype. J. Clin. Invest. 108 1071-1077. 

Summer R, Kotton D N, Sun X, et al. (2004). Translational physiology Origin and phenotype of lung side population cells. Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell Mol. Physiol. 287 L477-483. 

Asakura A, Rudnicki M A (2002). Side population cells from diverse adult tissues are capable of in vitro hematopoietic differentiation. Exp. Hematol. 30 1339-1345. 

Terunuma A, Jackson K L, Kapoor V, et al. (2003). Side population keratinocytes resembling bone marrow side population stem cells are distinct from label-retaining keratinocyte stem cells. /. Invest. Dermatol. 121 1095-1103. 

Yano S, Ito Y, Fujimoto M, et al. (2005). Characterization and localization of side population cells in mouse skin. Stem Cells. 23 834-841. 

Montanaro F, Liadaki K, Volinski J, et al. (2003). Skeletal muscle engraftment potential of adult mouse skin side population cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100 9336-9341. 

Budak M T, Alpdogan O S, Zhou M (2005). Ocular surface epithelia contain ABCG2-dependent side population cells exhibiting features associated with stem cells. J. Cell Sci. 118 1715-1724. 

Umemoto T, Yamato M, Nishida K, et al. (2006). Limbal epithelial side-population cells have stem cell-like properties, including quiescent state. Stem Cells. 24 86-94. 

Alvi A J, Clayton H, Joshi C, et al. (2003). Functional and molecular characterisation of mammary side population cells. Breast Cancer Res. 5 Rl-8. 

Liadaki K, Kho A T, Sanoudou D, et al. (2005). Side population cells isolated from different tissues share transcriptome signatures and express tissue-specific markers. Exp. Cell Res. 303 360-374. 

Asakura A, Seale P, Girgis-Gabardo A, et al. (2002). Myogenic specification of side population cells in skeletal muscle. J. Cell. Biol. 159 123-134. 

Pfister O, Mouquet F, Jain M, et al. (2005). CD31- but Not CD31+ cardiac side population cells exhibit functional cardiomyogenic differentiation. Circ. Res. 97 52-61. 

Meissner K, Heydrich B, Jedlitschky G, et al. (2005). The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (BCRP), a marker for side population stem cells, is expressed in human heart./. Histochem. Cytochem. 54 215-221. 

Shimano K, Satake M, Okaya A, et al. (2003). Hepatic oval cells have the side population phenotype defined by expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2/ BCRPl. Am. J. Pathol. 163 3-9. 

Lechner A, Leech C A, Abraham E J, et al. (2002). Nestin-positive progenitor cells derived from adult human pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain side population (SP) cells defined by expression of the ABCG2 (BCRPl) ATP-binding cassette transporter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293 670-674. 

Hishikawa K, Marumo T, Miura S, et al. (2005). Musculin/MyoR is expressed in kidney side population cells and can regulate their function. J. Cell. Biol. 169 921-928. 

Iwatani H, Ito T, Imai E, et al. (2004). Hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic potentials of Hoechst(low)/side population cells isolated from adult rat kidney. Kidney Int. 65 1604-1614. 

Lassalle B, Bastos H, Louis J P (2004). Side Population cells in adult mouse testis express Bcrpl gene and are enriched in spermatogonia and germinal stem cells. Develop. 131 479-487. 

Preffer F I, Dombkowski D, Sykes M, et al. (2002). Lineage-negative side-population (SP) cells with restricted hematopoietic capacity circulate in normal human adult blood Immunophenotypic and functional characterization. Stem Cells. 20 417-427. 

Bunting KD, Zhou S, Lu T, Brian P. Enforced P-glycoprotein pump function in murine bone marrow cells results in expansion of side population stem cells in vitro and repopulating cells in vivo. Blood 2000 96 902-909. 

Hirschmann-Jax C, Foster AE, Wulf GG. A distinct side population of cells with high drug efflux capacity in human tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 14228-14233. 

ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat Med 2001 7 1028-1034. 

Patrawala L, Calhoun T, Schneider-Broussard R et al. (2005) Side population is enriched in tumorigenic, stem-like cancer cells, whereas ABCG2 + and ABCG2- cancer cells are similarly tumorigenic. Cancer Res 65 6207-6219... 

Ho MM, Ng AV, Lam S et al. (2007) Side population in human lung cancer cell lines and tumors is enriched with stem-like cancer cells. Cancer Res 67 4827-4833... 

Hu C, Li H, Li J et al. (2008) Analysis of ABCG2 expression and side population identifies intrinsic drug efflux in the HCC cell line MHCC-97L and its modulation by Akt signaling. 

Loebinger MR, Giangreco A, Groot KR et al. (2008) Squamous cell cancers contain a side population of stem-like cells that are made chemosensitive by ABC transporter blockade. Br J Cancer 98 380-387... 

Wang J, Guo LP, Chen LZ et al. (2007) Identification of cancer stem cell-like side population cells in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Cancer Res 67 3716-3724... 

---