Short-circuiting, definition

Implicit in the analysis so far is a recognition of the importance of symbolization. This process provided a short-circuited definition of the situation whereby deviants and control agents used culturally sanctioned signs and symbols to justify or validate... 

In our opinion, the interesting photoresponses described by Dvorak et al. were incorrectly interpreted by the spurious definition of the photoinduced charge transfer impedance [157]. Formally, the impedance under illumination is determined by the AC admittance under constant illumination associated with a sinusoidal potential perturbation, i.e., under short-circuit conditions. From a simple phenomenological model, the dynamics of photoinduced charge transfer affect the charge distribution across the interface, thus according to the frequency of potential perturbation, the time constants associated with the various rate constants can be obtained [156,159-163]. It can be concluded from the magnitude of the photoeffects observed in the systems studied by Dvorak et al., that the impedance of the system is mostly determined by the time constant. 

When the film is short-circuited and heated to high temperatures at which the molecules attain a sufficiently high mobility, a current is observed in the external circuit. This phenomenon is called pyroelectric effect, thermally stimulated current, or, when the film has been polarized by a static field prior to measurement, depolarization current. The conventional definition of pyroelectricity is the temperature dependence of spontaneous polarization Ps, and the pyroelectric constant is defined as dPJdd (6 = temperature). In this review, however, the term will be used in a broader definition than usual. The pyroelectric current results from the motion of true charge and/or polarization charge in the film. Since the piezoelectricity of a polymer film is in some cases caused by these charges, the relation between piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity is an important clue to the origin of piezoelectricity. 

Figure 2 gives an overview on the definition of and relation between quantities used in surface science and in electrochemistry such as work function or surface potential. In the following we distinguish between (i) cells to which we apply a current (I >0, the current direction being opposite to the short-circuit current direction, U = E+ LaIRa > E), named polarization cells (cells under load), (ii) cells from which we extract current (7<0, in short-circuit direction, U < E), named current-generating cells, and finally (iii) open-circuit cells (I-0, U-E). In all cases we... 

With the machinery of transition state theory in place, it is now possible to examine the predicted diffusion rates associated with a host of different important situations ranging from the bulk diffusion of impurities to the motion of adatoms on surfaces to the short-circuit diffusion of atoms along the cores of dislocations. It is evident that besides being of academic interest (which they definitely are), diffusive processes such as those mentioned above are a key part of the processing steps that take place in both the growth and subsequent microstructural evolution of the materials around which modern technology is built. 

In introducing the Gibbs energy directly, we have short-circuited a great deal of the usual methodical derivation. It will be sufficient for our purposes to say simply that the formal definition of G is... 

All circuits which contain inductive reactance and resistance have an X-to-R ratio, in practice between 2.0 and 100.00. In short-circuit analysis it is usually necessary to relate the asymmetrical current to the symmetrical current. This can only be done if the short-circuit power factor of the circuit and hence the X-to-R ratio is known. Table 8.1 shows the relationship between these parameters and currents. Normally the short-circuit power factor is low, between 0.01 and 0.45. It is customary in short-circuit analysis to assume that one of the phases has the worst-case situation of fully asymmetrical current. Figure 8.1 shows an example, together with the various definitions of times and currents. 

Overcurrent. Any current in excess of the rated current of equipment or the ampacity of a conductor. It may result from overload (see definition), short circuit, or ground fault. A current in excess of rating may be accommodated by certain equipment and conductors for a given set of conditions. Hence the rules for overcurrent protection are specific for particular situations. 

Analog to the piezoelectric transducer, the mechanical behaviour can be described by a spring with the mass m and the stiffness cm. The amplitude response I/Fg of the magnetostrictive transducer has a definite lower cutoff frequency /u and a mechanically determined natural frequency fo for a short-circuit electrical port (Vg = 0), and the amplitude response s/J has a mechanically determined natural frequency fo for an open mechanical port... 

For short circuit of system of the equations the two-parametric model of turbulence to—e, as one of the most well-proved models for calculation of currents, such is used. At turbulence modeling, it was used toe model, for it dares two additional transport equations for the purpose of definition to turbulent kinetic energy and eturbulent energy of a dissipation. 

Fermi-level DOS 115 Jellium model 92—97 failures 97 schematic 94 surface energy 96 surface potential 93 work function 96 Johnson noise 252 Kohn-Sham equations 113 Kronig-Penney model 99 Laplace transforms 261, 262, 377 and feedback circuits 262 definition 261 short table 377 Lateral resolution... 

A spark was defined by Loeb (Ref 1) as an "unstable and discontinuous occurrence marking the transition from one more or iess stable condition of current between electrodes in a gas to another one. It may also occur that the transition process may start but fall short of achieving the transition owing to circuit, conditions such as power supply (restrictions). This definition emphasizes the transitory nature of a spark, but it is too broad for the purposes of investigation discussed in PATR 4319 (Ref 35). For its purpose, a spark is defined as a "dielectric... 

If you are interested in a hybrid storage system with a battery, you can use a blocking diode and you should definitely fuse the battery, or use MCBs (miniature circuit breakers) to prevent possible problems from a short. 

When a current flows in an electrochemical cell, by definition the system is not in equilibrium. On the other hand, if no current flows (as in an open-circuit system), then the system could be either in thermodynamic equilibrium or not. This is because although the equilibrium state can always be defined, it is not necessarily always possible to observe. In fact the time scale of the experiment may be too short to reach the equilibrium state. 

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