Shock losses

Outside the design point the direction of the relative velocity is not parallel to the blade, and shock losses are generated. 

Shock losses The energy loss in a moving fluid stream due to one or more of the following ... 

The mechanical efficiency of a fan is the ratio of the horsepower output to the horsepower input at the fan shaft. The input horsepower to drive the fan consists of the air horsepower, the energy losses in the fan, fluid dynamic losses, shock losses, leakage, disk friction, and bearing losses (all as horsepower), The fan oudet velocity pressure loss has been included in the fluid dynamic losses. 

It is indicated in hypovolaemic shock, loss of blood and plasma (e.g., trauma, burns, preoperative autologous blood or plasma donation), and for priming the heart-lung machine. In addition, it can be used as a vehicle for various drugs. 

Selective loss of fluid from each of these compartments gives rise to distinct signs and symptoms. Intracellular lluid loss, for example, causes cellular dysfunction which is most notably evident as lethargy, confusion and coma. Loss of blood, an ECF fluid, leads to circulatory collapse, renal shutdown and shock. Loss of total body water will eventually produce similar effects. However, the signs of lluid depletion are not seen at first since the water loss, albeit substantial, is spread across both ECF and ICF compartments. 

The situation for a reaction blade is different as a result of its nozzle action. The conversion of kinetic eneigy to enthalpy at the entrance to the blade will be followed by a balancing conversion back to kinetic energy by the reaction blade acting as a nozzle. This phenomenon is discussed in detail in Section 16.3 of the next chapter. Accordingly there is no need to consider inlet shock loss for a reaction blade. 

The shock correction factor (1 — A. ) remains close to unity at low speed ratios, but falls at high-speed ratios, where it causes a significant difference to arise between the uncorrected blade efficiency, t Ba, and the blade efficiency corrected for inlet shock losses, tib. 

HEALTH SYMPTOMS Inhalation (cough, sore throat, burning sensation, shortness of breath, labored breathing) skin (redness, pain, blisters) eyes (redness, severe deep burns, loss of vision) ingestion (abdominal cramps, diarrhea, burning sensation, weakness, shock, loss of consciousness). 

A shock loss occurs whenever there is a sudden change in the air velocity caused by a change in the direction of the air or a change in the diameter of the duct. Every bend in the duct dramatically decreases the efficacy of the fan motor. The sharper the bend, generally the more severe the loss becomes. This loss may be estimated from the following equation ... 

A base, formed by the bacterial degradation of histidine, and present in ergot and in many animal tissues, where it is liberated in response to injury and to antigen-antibody reactions. If injected it causes a condition of shock with dilatation of many blood vessels, loss of plasma from the capillaries to the tissues and a rapid fall in blood pressure. It is normally prepared from protein degradation products. 

Further reductions in reservoir pressure move the shock front downstream until it reaches the outlet of the no22le E. If the reservoir pressure is reduced further, the shock front is displaced to the end of the tube, and is replaced by an obflque shock, F, no pressure change, G, or an expansion fan, H, at the tube exit. Flow is now thermodynamically reversible all the way to the tube exit and is supersonic in the tube. In practice, frictional losses limit the length of the tube in which supersonic flow can be obtained to no more than 100 pipe diameters. 

Glass offers good resistance to strong acid at high temperatures. However, it is subject to thermal shock and a gradual loss in integrity as materials such as iron and siUca are leached out into the acid. Nonmetallic materials such as PTFE, PVDC, PVDF, and furan can be used for nitric acid to a limited degree, but are mainly restricted to weak acid service at ambient to moderate temperatures. 

The ceramic oxide carrier is bonded to the monolith by both chemical and physical means. The bonding differs for a ceramic monolith and a metallic monolith. Attrition is a physical loss of the carrier from the monolith from the surface shear effects caused by the exhaust gas, a sudden start-up or shutdown causing a thermal shock as a result of different coefficients of thermal expansion at the boundary between the carrier and the monolith, physical vibration of the cataly2ed honeycomb, or abrasion from particulates in the exhaust air (21) (see Fig. 6d). 

Nontrace isothermal systems give the adsorption effect (i.e., significant change in fluid velocity because of loss or gain of solute). Criteria for the existence of simple waves, contact discontinmties, and shocks are changed somewhat [Peterson and Helfferich, J. Phy.s. Chem., 69, 1283 (1965) LeVan et al., AIChE J., 34, 996 (1988) Frey, AJChE J., 38, 1649(1992)]. 

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