Shock, ammonia

Mitchell, A.C., and Nellis, W.J. (1982), Equation of State and Electrical Conductivity of Water and Ammonia Shocked to the 100 GPa (1 Mbar) Pressure Range, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 6273-6281. 

Thallium Nitride. TI3N, mw 627.18, N 2.23%, blk needles, mp not reported. Hydrolyzed by steam. Sol in K amide-ammonia soln. Prepd by reacting K amide in liq ammonia with Tl nitrate. T13N explds when shocked and on contact with w or weak acids Ref 1) Gmelin, Syst Nr 38 (1940), 234... 

Penta-1,3-diyne (Methyldiacetylene). CH3.CiC.CiCH mw 65.10 OB to C02 —294.93% liq mp —4.5 to -38.5° bp 76-77° (explds at atm press), 45° at 140mm d 0.7909 g/cc at 20/4° RI 1.4762 (Ref 3) and 1.4817 (Ref 1). Sol in ethanol and petr with a bp > 180°. Prepn is by reacting monosodium-acetylenide with dichloromethane in liq ammonia at 20 to 40°, followed by treatment with ammonium chloride. The product is stable in the dark at -35° but polymerizes readily at above —20° in the light. Penta-1,3-diyne forms two expl salts Copper penta-1,3-diyne, CuCsH3, dark yel ndls/by reaction with CuCl, explds on shock or by rubbing and Silver penta-1,3-diyne, yel-brn ndls, by reaction with aq silver nitrate in ammonium hydroxide, a v expl compd Refs 1) Beil 1, [247], 1057 <1117)... 

The important compounds of nitrogen with hydrogen are ammonia, Irydrazine, and hydrazoic acid, the parent of the shock-sensitive azides. Phosphine forms neutral solutions in water reaction of phosphorous halides with water produces oxoacids without change in oxidation number. 

Reacts with vapors of sodium with luminescence at about 260°C. Reacts explosively with thionyl chloride or potassium reacts violently with hexafluoro isopropylidene, amino lithium, ammonia, and strong acids reacts with tert-butyl azidoformate to form explosive carbide reacts with 24-hexadiyn-l, 6-diol to form 2, 4-hexadiyn-l, 6-bischloro-formate, a shock-sensitive compound reacts with isopropyl alcohol to form isopropyl chloroformate and hydrogen chloride thermal decomposition may occur in the presents of iron salts and result in explosion. 

It is moderately stable at below —30°C, is very shock- and friction-sensitive, and explodes violently on contact with water. At ambient temperature, it rapidly forms explosive decomposition products. Its addition compound with ammonia behaves similarly, exploding on contact with air. 

Thiazyl chloride, treated with aqueous ammonia and then silver nitrate, gives a compound AgN5S3(of unknown structure) which is shock-sensitive and explodes violently. 

The compound and its adduct with ammonia explode very easily with heat or shock. 

Data on the rate of the homogeneous reaction have been obtained by following the decay of ammonia behind shock waves. The stoichiometry of the ammonia decomposition is... 

Shock tube experiments by Jacobs27 have shown that it is essential to purify the ammonia and the diluent from oxygen or other oxidizing components, otherwise oxidation would seriously interfere with decomposition. Jacobs followed the decay of ammonia through its infrared emission at 3 n in the temperature range 2100-3000 °K. He argued that an assumed reaction order of in ammonia and of i in the inert gas would best fit the observed concentration-time records, i.e. 

The vivid interest in hydrazine as a powerful propellant has stimulated many investigations both of its thermal decomposition and of its oxidation. Although hydrazine decomposes much more readily than ammonia, the study of its homogeneous decomposition by classical means using a static system is complicated considerably by wall catalysis. Thus, other experimental techniques have had to be applied, e.g. decomposition flames, flash photolysis, studies of explosion characteristics and the shock-tube technique. 

A Mixture of Water, Ammonia, and Isopropanol, at Shock Pressure up to 200 GPa... 

Oil, charcoal, other organic materials powdered metals reducing agents strong acids alkyl esters hypochlorites Decomposition/combustion oxides of nitrogen, ammonia May detonate with strong shock or if heated A confined... 

Here Va and are the true velocities at the entrance, of gas and liquid, respectively, and do is the critical droplet diameter. The value of the Wee depends on the degree of shock at the entrance section e.g., for smooth liquid injection, 22 was used, and for tee entrances, 13 to 16. Collier and Hewitt (C6) also measured entrainment in air-water mixtures, and have extended the same correlation to much wider ranges, using We — 13 in the case of jet injection with the results shown in Fig. 9. Anderson et al. (A5), during mass-transfer studies in a water-air-ammonia system, found en-... 

Fire or explosion hazard may arise from the foUowing ammonia reactions Reaction with halogens produces nitrogen trihahdes which explode on heating its mixture with fluorine bursts into flame reacts with gold, silver, or mercury to form unstable fulminate-type shock-sensitive compounds similarly, shock-sensitive nitrides are formed when ammonia reacts with sulfur or certain metal chlorides, such as mercuric, or silver chloride liquid ammonia reacts violently with alkah metal chlorates and ferricyanides. 

Fluorine nitrate is shock sensitive, especially in liquid state. The liquefied material explodes when shaken vigorously or in contact with alcohol, ether, andine, or grease (Bretherick s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th. Ed., P. Urhen (ed.) 1995, pp 1405-6, Oxford, UK Butterworth-Heinemann). The gas catches fire when mixed with ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. 

The induction time data and density profiles pf detonations in oxy-hydrogen and oxy-methane mixtures were analyzed on the basis of the kinetic data obtained by the reflected-wave technique and similar methods. A plot of the ignition delay vs 1/T in oxy-ammonia mixtures gave a straight line with a slope corresponding to an activation energy of 42.5 kcal/mole. In these mixtures the induction zone is not uniform, but the shock front is flat and end of the reaction zone is clearly discernible. Onedimensional detonation waves of low Mach number but relatively stable were obtained in a gas preheated to 600-1800°K ahead of the shock front... 

Nitrogen iodide (NI3.NH3) is a very unstable material and will explode under the action of very weak shocks. Even at liquid air temperatures, initiation occurs at an energy of 0.6g/cm (Ref 4). The stability of nitrogen iodide under normal conditions depends to a great extent on the presence of ammonia which retards the decomposition of the pure NI3 (Ref 8). 

It is clear from the results described above that the presence of ammonia can under certain conditions prevent the explosion of nitrogen iodide when the decomposition is brought about by heat, light, shock, or ionizing radiation... 

Accdg to Daniel (Ref 1), when a sola of platiriic oxide in sulfuric acid was treated with an excess of aq ammonia. a black ppt of pla-tine fulminant was obtd. When dry it detonated violently by shock, friction and heat (at 160°). Some scientists consider it. as being identical with the nitride (azoture, in Fr)... 

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