Amide Ammonia

Amidogen.—This compound is unknown in a separate state, but is believed, with good reason, to exist in many compounds. If potassium, for example, be heated in dry ammoniacal gas N Hj,. j. of the hydrogen is expelled, and an olive-coloured solid remains, the composition of which is K, NH,. It is viewed as a compound of potassium with amide, the amidide or amiduret of potassium. When put into water, potash and ammonia are formed, thus, K, NH -1- HO = KO -f NH3. Compounds of amide with sodium, with carbonic oxide (oxa-mide), with benzoyle (benzamide), and other substances, are known. Their general character is, in contact vrith water, and under the influence of acids and bases, to be resolved into ammonia and an oxidised product, commonly an acid. Thus oxamide, O, N H, along with water, H O, in the presence of an acid or an alkali, yields ammonia, N H, and ox c acid, C, O3. It is this very powerful affinity for hydrogen which has hitherto defeated all our efforts, to isolate amide. The various compounds of amide will be described in their proper order. 

Volatile alkali—Occurs in combination with hydrochloric acid, as sal ammoniac in the mine of animals, especisdly of birds and reptiles, as mate of ammonia in several aluminous and ferruginous rocks and earths in small quantity finally, in the air, as a constant result of the putrefaction, decay, or combustion of organic matters containing nitrogen. 

It is formed abundantly in putrid urine (from urea), and in the destructive distillation of organic nitrogenised matter, as, in Egypt, by heating camel s dung in Europe, formerly, - by distilling horn, hence the name spirit of hartshorn, at present by 

Ammonia is formed by the union of 3 vol. hydrogen and 1 vol. nitrogen, which yield not 4 vol., but 2 vol. ammoniacal gas. Here cdndensation to one half has taken place. 

This is the aqua ammonis fortissima of the manufactnreis, and for medical use it requires to be diluted till it has the Sp. G. of 0.96. 

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Thallium Nitride. TI3N, mw 627.18, N 2.23%, blk needles, mp not reported. Hydrolyzed by steam. Sol in K amide-ammonia soln. Prepd by reacting K amide in liq ammonia with Tl nitrate. T13N explds when shocked and on contact with w or weak acids Ref 1) Gmelin, Syst Nr 38 (1940), 234... 

Phenols can be converted with trifluoromethylsulfonic imidazolide in the presence of sodium hydride into the corresponding trifluoromethylsulfonates, which react with potassium amide/ammonia to give aromatic amines. 15]... 

For the deprotonation of R3S1CECH, R SnCsCH, R2PCSCH, and RSeCsCH, the alkali amide-ammonia combination is unsuitable because of the easy cleavage of tbe heteroatom-C bond, which in the last two cases leads to the formation of R2POCPR2 and... 

Preparation of amides Ammonia, 1° and 2° amines react with carboxylic acids to produce, respectively, 1°, 2° and 3° amides, through a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. The reaction of ammonia and a carhoxylic acid initially forms a carhoxylate anion and an ammonium cation. Normally the... 

Preparation of amides Ammonia and 1° and 2° amines react with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides to give 1°, 2° and 3° amides, respectively, in the presence of excess pyridine (C5H5N) or triethylamine (Et3N). In the case of acid anhydride, two molar equivalents of ammonia or amines are required. 

TVA Process (Refs 85, 93 102). In 1933 the Tennessee Valley Authority inherited a World War I plant designed to produce ammonia by a roundabout and obsolete method in the following steps first the manuf of lime and subsequently f a carbide, then Ca cyan amide, ammonia, nitric acid and finally AN. In 1940 a modern high-pressure ammonia plant was constructed, in which there were used an improved ammonia synthesis cataiysr and a water-gas conversion catalyst. During WW II, the TVA produced... 

Figure 7. FZasA transients in potassium amide-ammonia solutions original amide absorbance, D335 = 0.78 sweep = 50 nsec./cm. Vo = deflection before flash upper sweep, blank lower sweep9 measuring light on both sweeps at indicated gain temperature —65°C.

Dimethyl-l,8-naphthyridin-2(l//)-one with butyllithium followed by benzo-nitrile and then hydrochloric acid gave 5-methyl-7-phenacyl-l,8-naphthyr-idin-2(l//)-one (39) in contrast, the same substrate treated similarly, but with sodium amide/ammonia in place of butyllithium, gave the isomeric 7-methyl-5-phenacyl-l,8-naphthyridin-2(l//)-one (40) (49%).401... 

Overberger, Yuki, and Urukawa (50) studied the polymerization of methacrylonitrile in the potassium-liquid ammonia system. The results obtained with potassium amide-ammonia were the same as with potassium-ammonia. Isobutyronitrile was detected in the reaction products, indicating that potassium amide was initiating the quantitative polymerization as in the styrene-potassium-ammonia system (93). It was also found that potassium hydroxide initiated polymerization of methacrylonitrile in liquid ammonia, but at a slower rate than potassium or potassium amide. 

Lithium amide-Ammonia, 278-279 Lithium bis(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)cuprate, 279... 

SAFETY PROFILE A powerful irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Ammonia is liberated and Uthium hydroxide is formed when this compound is exposed to moisture. Reacts violently with water or steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors. Vigorous reaction with oxidizing materials. Exothermic reaction with acid or acid fumes. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of LiO, NH3, and NOx. Used in synthesis of drugs, vitamins, steroids, and other organics. See also LITHIUM COMPOUNDS, AMIDES, AMMONIA, and LITHIUM HYDROXIDE. 

The solubility of amides in liquid ammonia differs appreciably and increases from lithium to rubidium. Because of the high reactivity of amides and the excellent solvent properties of liquid ammonia, amide-ammonia solutions are highly reactive and react with most substances.f ... 

To prove that ammonium chloride favors the Sn(ANRORC) mechanism, greatly different results were obtained when the amination mixture of 29 was not quenched with ammonium chloride (83RTC367). In this case, the yield of 33 was increased from 15 to 75% and the yield of 32 was decreased from 60 to 15%. When carried out in N-labeled potassium amide/ammonia, the fraction of 33 found by an Sn(ANRORC) mechanism was 12%, and for 32 it was 52% (Scheme 15). This clearly established that the ammonium ion strongly favors the Sn(ANRORC) mechanism. 

One problem of prime importance is the reliable determination of the number of residues of ,/3-unsaturated amino acids in proteins. Direct amino acid analysis subsequent to total hydrolysis of proteins is not feasible. The ,/3-unsaturated amino acids are subject to degradation with the formation of amide (ammonia) and -keto-acid. The numbers and types of ,/3-unsaturated amino acids in nisin (1) and subtilin (10) and in the fragments of the two peptides were, nevertheless, determined by amino acid analysis, only, however, after the addition of mercaptan across the double bonds of dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine (19). Using benzylmercaptan, the addition products are S-benzylcysteine (from dehydroalanine) and /3-methyl-S-benzylcysteine (from dehydrobutyrine). The two thioether amino acids are eluted from ion exchange columns of the amino acid analyzer free from interference by other amino acids... 

AMINOBENZENESULFONIC ACID or p-AMINOBENZENESULFONIC ACID (121-57-3) CsH NOjS HjO Decomposes on contact with strong acids, forming sulfur trioxide. The aqueous solution is acidic reaction with strong bases. Incompatible with alkylene oxides, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, amides, ammonia, epichlorohydrin, organic anhydrides, isocyanates, oxidizers, vinyl acetate. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), Halon , water spray, or CO2 extinguishers. 

CjHyNOjS HjO Decomposes on contact with strong acids, forming sulfur trioxide. The aqueous solution is acidic reaction with strong bases. Incompatible with alkylene oxides, aliphatic amines, aUcanolamines, amides, ammonia, epichlorohydrin, organic anhydrides, isocyanates. 

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