Ship fouling

Callow, M.E. Ship fouling problems and solutions. Chemistry Industry. Vol. 

On the other hand, some of the Black Sea species expanded, first of all, to the brackish-water Sea of Azov with currents and ships via the Kerch Strait selected species invaded to the Sea of Marmara via the Bosphorus Strait and to the Aegean Sea via the Dardanelles or to the Caspian Sea with ballast waters or with ship fouling communities. Thus, the Black Sea became a donor basin for the further expansion of the alien species that have established in it to other southern seas. 

Callow, M., 1990. Ship Fouling Problems and Solutions. Chemistry Industry, 123-127. 

As an example of the effect that corrosion can have on connnercial industries, consider the corrosive effects of salt water on a seagoing vessel. Corrosion can drastically affect a ship s perfonnance and fiiel consumption over a period of time. As the hull of a steel boat becomes corroded and fouled by marine growths, the... 

Figure A3.10.2 The influence of corrosion (C) and marine fouling (F) on the perfonnance of a steel ship dry docked amuially for cleaning and painting [5].

Fouling organisms attach themselves to the underwater portions of ships and have a severe impact on operating costs. They can increase fuel consumption and decrease ship speed by more than 20%. Warships are particularly concerned about the loss of speed and maneuverabiHty caused by fouling. Because fouling is controUed best by use of antifouHng paints, it is important that these paints be compatible with the system used for corrosion control and become a part of the total corrosion control strategy. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms (9)-Pentaboron nooahydride Chemical Formula BjH,. Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as shipped) Liquid Color Colorless Odor Characteristic strong, pungent foul sour milk. 

Hypobromous acid so produced from the naturally occurring bromide in the ocean is rapidly consumed upon demand and is nontoxic to the plant. This natural process helps explain why seaweeds in the ocean are not overcome by adherent microbial biomass and macrofoulants that, for example, rapidly foul the surfaces of ships and piers in the sea. Although chloride is far more abundant than bromide, certain seaweeds preferentially make hypobromous acid in situ. The brominating activity of Laminaria digitata is shown by demonstration (Figure 3) in a replication of the work by Wever, et al.2. 

STABREX Stabilized Liquid Bromine9 is far more stable than liquid chlorine bleach. For example, several tons of the new product were shipped to India and stored for one year above 90 °F. The product remained within specification (less than 10% degraded) for the entire year, after which it was successfully used to control fouling in an industrial water system. Chlorine would have completely degraded in this time under these conditions. Chemical wastage was eliminated. Accident risk in transporting oxidant was reduced because less volume was necessary. Table 2 shows the stability of the new product compared to industrial strength chlorine bleach in well-controlled laboratory tests. 

Fortunately, Houston was out of town enough to provide Phillips with enough time to search his files for a way to void the partnership. It didn t take long, as shipping bills, bank deposit slips and even a copy of a letter instructing a customer not to discuss details of a deal with anyone but him were found. Houston was selling the business out the back door, behind Phillips back. This is where the honesty clauses came into affect, which allowed Phillips to take over completely if this kind of foul play was discovered. 

Minchin, D. and S. Gollash (2003), Fouling and Ship s hulls how changing circumstances and spawning events may result in the spread of exotic species Biofouling, Vol. 19(supplement), 37-43. 

IMO (2001). International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships. AFS/CONF/26. 

Even the use of chemical equipment and laboratories has an impact on society. Labs cost money to operate they need repairs equipment needs maintenance and spare parts. Chemicals must be properly shipped, stored, and disposed of. Lab emissions may foul the air, water, and land to a noticeable degree. The total research system—personnel, lab, equipment, and material—has economic and societal impacts. The allocation of funding, quality of laboratory safeguards, and emphasis on one research topic or another impact on both the scientific and non-scientific community and include societal factors. 

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