Shape calibration

Fig.17. Different methods for the shape calibration of the probe apex using a - a large sphere (r>R),b - a small sphere (r

S-shaped calibration curve detected. 2-coeF. equatk... 

A Berkovich diamond tip with a total included angle of 142.3° and a radius of around 150 nm was used for the nanoindentation measurements [1-2]. Indentation load-displacement curves were obtained by applying loads ranging from 1 pN to 1 mN. The hardness and reduced elastic modulus of the tribofilms were determined with Oliver s method [35,36], where fused silica with a Young s modulus of 69.7 GPa was used as a standard sample for tip-shape calibration to determine the function of the contact area with respect to the contact depth in a range of 1.5-50 nm. Figure 9.5 shows indentation load-displacement curves obtained for the MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms at a maximum load of 600 pN and in situ AFM images of the residual indent. A plastic pileup was clearly observed around the indent on both the MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms. 

Figure 9.7 shows the hardness and modulus distributions of the MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms, carburized steel disc, and fused silica as a function of the contact depth [1]. Since the fused silica as the standard sample for tip-shape calibration retained constant hardness and modulus values in a contact depth range from 5 nm, the hardness and modulus of the tribofilms were examined at contact depths greater than 5 nm. It was found that both kinds of tribofilms had the same hardness and modulus distributions relative to the contact depth. When the contact depth was greater than 30-40 nm, the mechanical properties were constant, with hardness staying at the fused silica level of 10 GPa and the modulus at the carburized disc level of 215 GPa. However, when the contact depth was reduced from 30 nm to 5 nm near the film surface, film hardness decreased from the fused silica level of 10 GPa to 6 GPa, and the modulus decreased from the carburized steel level of 215 GPa to 150 GPa. 

Figure 6b and c shows the dynamic compliance and corresponding phase shift of the indenter (uncorrected for electronics). The response was fit to the model in Fig. 6a for this indenter the damping coefficient, Q is 0.008 Ns/m, resonance frequency, Q)o is 110 Hz, indenter mass, m is 236 mg, and spring constant, Ki is 116 N/m. A Berkovich diamond indenter with a tip radius of -200 nm was used for all experiments. Tip shape calibration and machine compliance were determined by standard techniques (14) using electropolished indium and quartz. 

For an automated compound detection several software packages using different peak detection algorithms are available and usually offered by the MS manufacturer (Hogenboom et al. 2009). The capabilities and limitations of the elemental composition prediction from accurate mass measurements by using heuristic rules (Kind and Fiehn 2006, 2007) or profile MS data after peak shape calibration (Erve et al. 2009) have been comprehensively investigated. 

The general list of factors influencing the uncertainty in the gross rock volume included the shape of structure, dip of flanks, position of bounding faults, position of internal faults, and depth of fluid contacts (in this case the OWC). In the above example, the owe is penetrated by two wells, and the dip of the structure can be determined from the measurements made in the wells which in turn will allow calibration of fhe 3D seismic. 

Because the system is meant to be used for a variety of heat exchangers we could not use a simple (ANN) classifier, but we chose for a CBR type system. The case-base stores signal shapes with corresponding classifications or actions to be taken (e.g. signal mixing). Beftxe each inspection the case-base is filled with data from calibration pipes oc a case-base from a previous similar inspection can be used. For each new possible defect signal a search is done in the case base for the most similar case. 

In this section results will be presented using test samples to determine the accuracy of our approach. Further on an example is shown using the system to analyse casting defects. For the experiments moderate projective magnifications between 1.1 and 1.4 were chosen. The test samples used to determine the accuracy of calibration, 3D defect position and volume estimation consist of several holes representing internal defects of different but known size and shape. 

When we draw a scatter plot of all X versus Y data, we see that some sort of shape can be described by the data points. From the scatter plot we can take a basic guess as to which type of curve will best describe the X—Y relationship. To aid in the decision process, it is helpful to obtain scatter plots of transformed variables. For example, if a scatter plot of log Y versus X shows a linear relationship, the equation has the form of number 6 above, while if log Y versus log X shows a linear relationship, the equation has the form of number 7. To facilitate this we frequently employ special graph paper for which one or both scales are calibrated logarithmically. These are referred to as semilog or log-log graph paper, respectively. 

When it is desired to evaluate the specific surfaces of a set of closely related samples of solid, however, only one of the samples needs to be calibrated against nitrogen (or argon), provided that all the isotherms of the alternative adsorptive can be shown to have indentical shape. A simple device for testing this identity, by use of the a,-plot, is described in Section 2.13 by means of the a,-plot it is also possible to proceed directly to calculation of the specific surface without having to assign a value to or to evaluate the BET monolayer capacity, of the alternative adsorptive. 

For many applications, quantitative band shape analysis is difficult to apply. Bands may be numerous or may overlap, the optical transmission properties of the film or host matrix may distort features, and features may be indistinct. If one can prepare samples of known properties and collect the FTIR spectra, then it is possible to produce a calibration matrix that can be used to assist in predicting these properties in unknown samples. Statistical, chemometric techniques, such as PLS (partial least-squares) and PCR (principle components of regression), may be applied to this matrix. Chemometric methods permit much larger segments of the spectra to be comprehended in developing an analysis model than is usually the case for simple band shape analyses. 

The depth profiles in Fig. 3.26 show that the typical flat channeling implantation profile is generated with low doses only. Increasing the dose superimposes the normal implantation profile shape. Undertaking such experiments with homogeneous wafers enables the production of calibrating models for semiconductor production. 

To calibrate larger sensors/instruments such as vane anemometers, a wind tunnel is required. A calibration wind tunnel consists of an open or closed tunnel, a fan to deliver the air, a nozzle to shape the velocity profile, and a mesh arrangement to uniform and reduce the flow turbulence. It may be necessary to control the air temperature in the tunnel by means of a heating/cooling sys-... 

Different nozzle-shaped tubes are available, which are pressed onto the exhaust terminal. The air passes through the tube and a one-point velocity measurement is carried out in the throat of the device. The flow rate is determined from the calibration curve. 

Anionic and neutral polymers are usually analyzed successfully on Syn-Chropak GPC columns because they have minimal interaction with the appropriate mobile-phase selection however, cationic polymers adsorb to these columns, often irreversibly. Mobile-phase selection for hydrophilic polymers is similar to that for proteins but the solubilities are of primary importance. Organic solvents can be added to the mobile phase to increase solubility. In polymer analysis, ionic strength and pH can change the shape of the solute from mostly linear to globular therefore, it is very important to use the same conditions during calibration and analysis of unknowns (8). Many mobile phases have been used, but 0.05-0.2 M sodium sulfate or sodium nitrate is common. 

Knoop hardness It is a measure of hardness is measured by a calibrated machine that forces a rhomb-shape, pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles under specific small loading conditions into the surface of the test material the long diagonal in the material is measured after removal of the load. 

To evaluate the effect of shape factors of particles, the electro-formed sieves were calibrated microscopically with two different materials ... 

In general, it appears that the Micromerograph, provided that frequent calibration checks are performed, is a good, reproducible instrument for size measurement. The operator time involved is less than with most other methods, and the calcns are not complicated. As in all sedimentation methods, only when the sample particles are spherical does the Stokes diameter that is measured become a measure of absolute particle size. Microscopic examination should be used to check on particle shape and the effect of deagglomeration... 

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