Severability clause

Should any provision of this order be held or declared invalid by a competent court of jurisdiction, such invalidity shall not affect other the provisions of this order. In such a case, the invalid or unenforceable provision or provisions shall be replaced by provisions coming as close as possible to the intention, spirit and purpose of the original provision. 

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The problem input to the full model now includes more than the vector of characteristics used in the performance and learning models. In addition to this vector - which remains the input to the connectionist part of the hybrid model - problem input consists of specific detail about the quantities found in the problem. This information is encoded by dividing the problem into several clauses. 

One of the principal aspects of refinery gas cleanup is the removal of acid gas constituents, ie, carbon dioxide, CO2, and hydrogen sulfide, H2S. Treatment of natural gas to remove the acid gas constituents is most often accompHshed by contacting the natural gas with an alkaline solution. The most commonly used treating solutions are aqueous solutions of the ethanolamines or alkah carbonates. There are several hydrogen sulfide removal processes (29), most of which are followed by a Claus plant that produces elemental sulfur from the hydrogen sulfide. 

Ensuring that the policy is relevant to the expectations and needs of the organization s customers is a little more difficult. Companies need to predict what their customer expectations and needs are (now a requirement in clause 4.1.4 under Business plans). They may be beyond what they specify in contracts although they may in fact be identical to such specifications. For companies to create satisfied customers they not only need to meet requirements specified by the customer but meet national and international legislation and have consideration for the needs and expectations of society. As explained in Part 1 Chapter 1 on Quality characteristics, customers are not only the buyers but comprise several other interested parties. You need to provide a means of determining what the customer expectations and needs are and then subject the written quality policy to a review against those expectations and needs to determine if there is any conflict. As part of your business planning procedure you should indicate how you determine your customer s current and future needs and expectations. 

This requirement acknowledges that not all the requirements of the standard can be addressed by procedures. As described previously in this chapter, quality system documentation consists of several types of documents with procedures being one type. The requirement is therefore sending out a strong message that the supplier should not produce procedures to address each element of the standard or each clause. 

The corrective action requirements fail to stipulate when corrective action should be taken except to say that they shall be to a degree appropriate to the risks encountered. There is no compulsion for the supplier to correct nonconformities before repeat production or shipment of subsequent product. However, immediate correction is not always practical. You should base the timing of your corrective action on the severity of the nonconformities. All nonconformities are costly to the business, but correction also adds to the cost and should be matched to the benefits it will accrue (see later under Risks). Any action taken to eliminate a nonconformity before the customer receives the product or service could be considered a preventive action. By this definition, final inspection is a preventive action because it should prevent the supply of nonconforming product to the customer. However, an error becomes a nonconformity when detected at any acceptance stage in the process, as indicated in clause 4.12 of the standard. Therefore an action taken to eliminate a potential nonconformity prior to an acceptance stage is a preventive action. This rules out any inspection stages as being preventive action measures - they are detection measures only. 

The reports of nonconformities could be internal or external reports of nonconformities although the standard does not make this clear. Internal reports of nonconformities should be covered by the requirements of clause 4.13. The next requirement concerning the investigation of nonconformities does relate to both internal and external reports. An external nonconformity report is not necessarily a customer complaint. The customer may have merely returned the product claiming it to be defective. When the customer has done this several times a complaint may well follow. 

The standard does not address product recall other than in the context of releasing product for urgent production purposes in clause 4.10.2.3. The reported nonconformities from your customers may be so severe that you need to recall product, not just one or two but a whole batch or several batches between two dates or serial numbers. Product recall can be considered to fall within the scope of handling reported nonconformities ... 

Throughout the standard, various clauses reference the clause on quality records. To avoid repetition, the common requirements for quality records are assembled under one heading. The requirements, however, are not limited to those clauses in which this requirement is referenced as many other clauses refer to records. However, as all clauses will generate some documentary evidence it should not be assumed that all such documents are quality records. The requirements, however, apply only to original records and not to any copies other than those taken for security reasons or copies of subcontractor records. There are several types of document used in a quality system and only some are classified as quality records. As quality records are documents it might be assumed that the requirements of clause 4.5 on document and data control apply to quality records. As clause 4.16 is not cross referenced in clause 4.5 (except for clause 4.5.2.2), there is clearly no requirement for you to apply the requirements for document control to quality records. (See also Part 2 Chapter 5.) Figure 5.2 illustrates the difference between quality records and documents. 

The Claus centric structure, an old-quantum-theory found to make a less important contribution to the normal analogue of which was suggested several years ago by one state of benzene than do the Kekule structures. 

Selectox Also called BSR/Selectox. A process for converting hydrogen sulfide in refinery gases to elemental sulfur. The gases are passed over a fixed bed of a proprietary catalyst (Selectox 33) at 160 to 370°C. Claimed to be better than the Claus process in several respects. Often used in conjunction with the Beavon process. Developed by the Union Oil Company of California and the Ralph M. Parsons Company, and first operated in 1978. Thirteen units were operating in 1996. 

A revision of the Pure Food and Drug Act, the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, passed in 1938, added several provisions that impacted the food industry. Among those provisions were authorized factory inspections and the authority for court injunction to the previous seizure and prosecution actions (Janssen, 1992). Adulterated food was now defined as Sec. 402, A food shall be deemed to be adulterated if it consists in whole or in part of any filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance, or if it is otherwise unfit for food, or if it has been prepared, packed or held under unsanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health. The importance of the whereby clause is the concept that a food product need not be contaminated physically to be considered adulterated, but has been exposed to conditions that may have resulted in contamination of the food. This situation is vastly different from that which existed at the time the 1906 Food and Drug Act was passed. 

Claus reaction 2H2S+S02- -3S+2H20 one thermal stage, multiple catalytic stages. Several commercial catalysts are available... 

We focus attention here on titania (Ti02) for the following reasons. The first is that titania is a widely used oxide support for both metal particles and metal oxides, and used in some cases also directly as catalyst (Claus reaction, for example). The second is that it possesses multifunctional properties, such as Lewis and Bronsted sites, redox centres, etc. The third is that it has several applications both as a catalyst and an advanced material for coating, sensors, functional films, etc. The fourth is its high photocatalytic activity which make titania unique materials. 

A bypass type Claus plant, with fired preheating of acid gas and air, has been advocated by some for use in coal conversion plants, for acid gases containing 20 percent H2S or less. The authors think this an unwise choice for synfuels plants, even though it can be a good choice for other purposes. Several preheat-bypass Claus plants (of nominal capacity about 1,000 tons... 

Claus propositions were summarized as three statements in his more widely read paper of 1856 42 (1) If several equivalents of ammonia (from two to six) combine with an equivalent of certain metal chlorides, neutral substances are formed, in which the basic property of ammonia has been destroyed and simultaneously the ammonia can be neither detected by the usual methods nor eliminated by double decomposition . (2) If the chlorine in these compounds is replaced by oxygen, strong bases are obtained, whose saturation capacity is always determined by the oxygen equivalents contained in them but not by the number of equivalents of ammonia present in them . (3) The number of equivalents of ammonia entering into these substances is not a random one as is evident from a number of facts, it is determined by the number of equivalents of water contained in the hydrates of the metal oxides which can enter into such compounds along with the ammonia . 

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