Seven Decades of Chemical

On early doctorates, compare Olaf A. Hougen, Seven Decades of Chemical Engineering, Chem. Eng. Prog. 73,89-104 (January 1977) and J. O. Maloney, Doctoral Thesis Work in Chemical Engineering from the Beginning to 1960, pp. 211-223 in W. F. Furter, ed., A Century of Chemical Engineering [17]. On the state of the American chemical industry, see Williams Haynes, American Chemical Industry, Vol. 2, Van Nostrand, New York, 1945, Introduction. 

I have not been able to find information on the subsequent development of this course. Interestingly, it does not feature in Hougen s paper Seven decades of chemical engineering [32]. However, this could be a manifestation of his view that biochemical engineering was not a branch of chemical engineering, but a distinct discipline. 

Hougen, O. A. Seven Decades of Chemical Engineering, Chem, Eng, Prog,... 

Van Antwerpen, op. cit. (3) Olaf A. Hougen, Seven decades of chemical engineering, Chemical Engineering Progress, 73 (1977), 89-104. 

Gibbs epochal paper of 1873-76 represents a watershed in the history of thermodynamics. The following seven decades of physical chemistry research were largely devoted to working out the rich consequences of that work, which served as the master blueprint for the classic edifice of thermodynamics. As described by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall in the near-mystical opening words of their Preface to Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1923) ... 

By the end of the 1920s, the five had successfully commercialized products in five to seven of the SIC industrial chemical categories. During the same decade of the 1920s, most of the smaller focused (specialty) companies had been established. They not only provided essential chemicals to the major American companies but also for customers in a wide variety of other industries. By the end of the 1920s, the infrastructure of the U.S. chemical industry had been completed. 

A century of curriculum development in Canadian chemical engineering pleads for a depth of analysis well beyond the scope of this review. The American influence has dominated for almost three-quarters of that time so it is not surprising that Hougen s seven decades ) can be invoked as a matching scale, usually with some time lag, for... 

Steve Arendt highlighted ten Telltale Signs of Safety Culture Disease. [8] Based upon my 42 years in the chemical manufacturing industry and decades of training, I selected seven of the most egregious examples of this culture spoiling disease. 

The surface chemistry of silicas is dominated by the surface hydroxyl groups, or silanols (Si-O-H). The silanol groups participate in adsorption (for water and other compounds, including organic compounds) as well as the chemical modification of silica surfaces. The subject of surface silanols has been studied extensively over the past seven decades and has been reviewed (e.g., Her, 1979 Unger, 1979 Zhuravlev, 1993 Bergna, 1994 Vansant et al 1995). 

PI techniques and equipment. However, intensification is not restricted to chemical processing, and examples dating back at least seven decades, using different names, reflect the ever-present interest in enhancing processes of heat and mass transfer. 

To put this incident into perspective, consider that, in the United States over the seven-year period that encompassed 1984 (1981-1987), only 309 deaths were reported nationwide associated with chemiccd releases into all media combined. The Bhopal incident was unique both in the severity and the large number of people effected over a single release at one time. The Bhopal incident had a regulatory impact worldwide. In the United States, for example, it helped build support for a more stringent amendment to the Clean Air Act, first signed in 1970, that finally went into effect in 1990. This amendment listed 189 chemicals for which special standards and risk assessments were required by the end of that decade. These chemicals were selected by the U.S. EPA based on their relative toxicity and the volume of release. Methyl isocyanate was on that list. 

---