Seven-City Study

Table 6.6 depicts ambient air lead statistics gathered by the U.S. EPA for 1973, the Seven-City Study of U.S. air lead for commercial, industrial, and residential monitoring sites. The U.S. cities were Chicago, Cincinnati, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC. Data reported are broken into monthly mean, minimum, and maximum values. 

TABLE 6.6 U.S. Ambient Air Lead Statistics for the Seven-City Study Chicago, Cincinnati, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC ... 

Hasselblad, V., Nelson, W., 1975. Additional analyses of the Seven City Lead Study. Environ. Qual. Safety Suppl. 11. Lead, 147—151. 

The preliminary observations reported here derive from a pilot study conducted in order to test the feasibility of such research and to begin to develop appropriate techniques and instruments. Three groups of illicit users in a northeastern seaboard city were studied. The largest group, which was examined in greatest detail, included seven or ten core members and about twenty-five peripherals. Most of the members were young, well-educated, middle-class homosexuals. The two smaller groups each consisted of a core of three and a periphery of five or six persons, mostly heterosexuals. 

The study we focus on here involved surveys similarly constructed and administered at seven sites to over 27,000 individuals ages 14-54 years (Vega et al., 2002). The emphasis of this report was lifetime use of alcohol, defined as used at least 12 times, and lifetime use of other drugs, defined as used at least 5 times. The seven countries/cities where surveys were conducted w cre the United States Fresno County, California (United States) Mexico City, Mexico Ontario, Canada the Netherlands Sao Paulo, Brazil and Munich, Germany. 

John S. Blanchard received his BS in chemistry from Lake Forest College and obtained his Ph.D. from the laboratory of W. W. Cleland at the University of Wisconsin. After a 3-year NIH-sponsored postdoctoral fellowship, he was appointed assistant professor of biochemistry at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City in 1983. In 1998, he became the Dan Danciger Professor of Biochemistry. His early research interests focused on the determination of kinetic isotope effects exhibited by flavin-containing enzymes. His collaborative studies on the mechanism of action, and resistance, to isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis led to his current interests in antibiotic resistance. His present interests include the structure and function of essential biosynthetic enzymes in M. tuberculosis, resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, and proteome-wide identification of acetylated proteins. He is the author of over 140 research papers and 20 reviews and has been awarded seven United States patents. His work has been generously supported by the United States National Institutes of Health for the last 24 years. 

Several pooled analysis and meta-analysis studies for multiple cross-sectional (meta-analysis) and prospective (pooled analysis) cohort evaluations have been published. Lanphear et al. (2005) reported on a pooled analysis of seven of eight longitudinal studies in the hterature that followed children until at least 5 years of age. Various criteria were employed for inclusion, such as complete analyses for covariates. The final sample size was more than 1,300 children drawn from the following cohorts Boston, MA Cincinnati, OH Cleveland, OH Rochester, NY Mexico City, Mexico Port Pirie, Australia and Kosovo, former Yugoslavia. Various forms of the exposure measure were included concurrent, maximum, hfetime average, and early childhood PbB. The psychometric outcome was full scale IQ. Within the combined data points for exposures, a subset of 103 children had maximum PbB < 7.5 jig/dl. 

The revised metric system is called the International System of Units (abbreviated SI, from the French Systeme Internationale d Unitds). Table 1.2 lists the seven SI base units. All other units of measurement can be derived from these base units. The SI unit for volume, for instance, is derived by cubing the SI base unit for length. The prefixes listed in Table 1.3 are used to denote decimal fractions and multiples of SI units. This enables scientists to tailor the magnitude of a unit to a particular application. For example, the meter (m) is appropriate for describing the dimen.sions of a classroom, but the kilometer (km), 1000 m, is more appropriate for describing the distance between two cities. Units that you will encounter frequently in the study of chemistry include those for mass, temperature, volume, and density. 

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