Clinical instruments

In this case, sodium emission is monitored at a wavelength of 589.6 nm and potassium at a wavelength of 769.9 nm. The intensity of emission is calibrated with appropriate standards for the samples to be analyzed. In this way it is possible to automatically determine 100 values of sodium and potassium for 100 samples/h using modern clinical instruments. Limits of detection are sub-ppm and for serum values 140 mg/m the range of reproducibility is on the order of 2-3%. 

CLINICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SCALES 413 TABLE 32.3 Commercial and Other Sources for Scales and Other Instruments... 

Small, portable Raman systems that can be used in the clinic are very important. It is often difficult to obtain ethics committee permission to remove human specimens from the clinic. The system should be small and tough, and it must be enough sensitive to detect the weak Raman spectra of biological tissues. We recommend to check carefully the toughness of Raman spectrometer, CCD detector, and laser as well as performance, before purchasing. It is warm and humid in the clinic. The system should be air cooled and does not emit radio wave not to affect clinical instruments. 

Clinical Instruments Division Precision Instrument Division 4 Nevada Drive Lake Success NY 11042-1179 USA... 

A typical formulation of a PVC membrane ISE used in clinical instrumentation is ... 

American Society for Testing and Materials. Transferring information between clinical instruments and computer systems. E1394-91. Philadelphia (http //www.astm.org), ASTM, 1991. 

Chan DW. Clinical instrumentation (immunoassay analyzers). Anal Chem 1995 67 519R-24R. 

Margrey KS, Martinez A, Vaughn DP, Felder RA. A standard clinical instrument interface for robotic applications, Clin Chem 1990 36 1572-5. 

In conclusion, a very powerful instrument as pharmacoge-nomics, being it delusive so far, is the confirmation that an appropriate clinimetric approach to CIPN is warranted, i.e., appropriate, valid, reliable, and feasible clinical instrument(s) for its measure are needed. That would probably be the key to build up a strategy to contrast an adverse effect that negatively impacts on QoL in a large population of long survival cancer patients. 

The phrase low concentration can be deceptive. A toxin concentration too low to be measured by most clinical instruments can still involve ioo million toxin molecules per cubic... 

Clinical instruments may also contain a feature for deproteinizing the sample. Instruments that provide only a few of these steps, primarily electronic data processing, are called semiautomatic instruments. 

Clinical instruments have long been the focus for laboratory automation. Indeed, the Technicon AutoAna-lyzer. an air-segmenicd continuous flow system," w as the first truly automated instrument for a clinical laboraiory. In 1968 DuPont introduced the ACA (Automated Clinical Analy/er). the first totally automated discrete analy/cr. Ilie analyzer was based on prepack-... 

Billions of tests are run annually in clinical chemistry laboratories automation has therefore played a large role there. In the preceding sections, automated process-control systems were described. The first part of the present section describes the needs of the clinical chemistry laboratory as they relate to automation. The remainder will be devoted primarily to how clinical instruments are automated and which instrumental methods are most commonly used. Selected instruments will be described. 

The most evident characteristic of modern automatic clinical instruments is the digital display of data. Most have illuminated numerical displays an instrument that performs more than one determination simultaneously may have several. For example, a digital flame photometer commonly has two displays for the simultaneous read-out of Na and K, whereas a blood gas analyzer may have three, for pH and for the partial pressures of COa and Oa. 

Some modern clinical instruments are dedicated either to endpoint colorimetric or to kinetic determinations others allow selection of either mode. Some program the electronic data-processing for the desired mode by means of a punched-card or other coded system that comes with the prepackaged reagents specifically made for this type of instrument. A design objective of this last type of system is to minimize the training needed by the operator. 

Overview. The above description of automation as applied to clinical instruments leads to an interesting conclusion. Some of the current instruments that do not automate sample handling or processing, and which are referred to as manual or semiautomatic, may be more effective in saving skilled labor and time and reducing human error than some of the automatic instruments of the 1950s and 1960s. 

The recognition of an electrical safety issue associated with the increase in clinical instrumentation coming in contact with die patient... 

E I DuPont de Nemours Co Inc Clinical Instrument Systems Concord Plaza... 

Neudorf, K., Dyck, N., Scott, D., Dick, D. D., Nursing Education A Catalyst for the Patient Safety Movement, Healthcare Quarterly, Vol. 11,2008, pp. 35-39. Nevland, J. G., Electrical Shock and Reliability Considerations in Clinical Instruments, Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Reliability, 1969, pp. 308-313. 

Because of their coulometric origin, if the end point is well determined, all these methods are absolute and do not need any calibration. Some clinical instruments, such as blood chloride meters, use such Ag generated coulometries. 

It should be emphasized that these direct measurements of ( ), C and/or p02 (or SO2) are not used routinely in clinical PDT, although various sub-sets of them have been used in some trials, in which they have helped both to optimize the protocols and to interpret the resulting responses and variations thereof In part the limitation in their clinical application have been due to lack of expertise in their use and in part to lack of available commercial clinical instruments. 

First, despite the efforts of the vendors in making the equipments simpler and easier to use, still LC-MS/MS cannot be viewed as a fully automated black-box like the other usual routine clinical instruments. Practical details described in the chapter for NBS prove that the entire analytical procedure chain is still far away from securing it in a blinded protocol. 

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