Serum albumin synthesis

The release of arachidonate and the synthesis or interconversion of eicosanoids can be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including histamine, hormones such as epinephrine and bradykinin, proteases such as thrombin, and even serum albumin. An important mechanism of arachidonate release and eicosanoid syn-... 

Besides the previously mentioned collagen, a wide variety of natural polymers have been involved in the synthesis of bio-nanohybrid materials with potential application in bone repair and dental prostheses. For instance, some recent examples refer to bionanocomposites based on the combination of HAP with alginate [96,97], chitosan [98,99], bovine serum albumin (BSA) [100], sodium caseinate [101], hyaluronic acid [102], silk fibroin [103,104], silk sericin [105], or polylactic add (PLA) [106,107]. These examples illustrate the increasing interest in the subject of HAP-based biohybrid materials, which has led to almost 400 articles appeared in scientific journals in 2006 alone. 

Synthesis of gold, silver and their alloy nanoparticles using bovine serum albumin as foaming and stabilizing agent. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 15, 5115-5121. 

Zahn, H., and Lumper, L. (1968) Specificity of bifunctional sulfhydryl reagents and synthesis of a defined dimer of bovine serum albumin. Hoppe-Seyler s Z. Physiol. Chem. 349, 485. 

An alternative approach to the production of subunit vaccines entails their direct chemical synthesis. Peptides identical in sequence to short stretches of pathogen-derived polypeptide antigens can be easily and economically synthesized. The feasibility of this approach was first verified in the 1960s, when a hexapeptide purified from the enzymatic digest of tobacco mosaic virus was found to confer limited immunological protection against subsequent administration of the intact virus. (The hexapeptide hapten was initially coupled to bovine serum albumin, used as a carrier to ensure an immunological response.)... 

Figure 4.3. The chemical synthesis of naproxen-HSA. Naproxen is first converted to an ester and is then coupled to the free E-NH2 of the lysine residues in human serum albumin (HSA). NHS N-hydroxysuccinimide, DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.

Table 1.10. Some pharmaceutical substances originally isolated from animal sources. While some are still produced by direct extraction from the native source, others are now also produced by direct chemical synthesis (e.g. peptides and some steroids), or by recombinant DNA technology (most of the pol5 peptide products). Abbreviations hGH = human growth hormone FSH=follicle stimulating hormone hCG=human chorionic gonadotrophin HSA=human serum albumin HBsAg=hepatitis B surface antigen...

Estrogens lower serum cholesterol levels by stimulating the formation of high-density lipoproteins and reducing low-density lipoproteins. Reductions in serum albumin and antithrombin III synthesis can occur in the presence of elevated female sex steroids. 

The latter approach has been followed in our laboratory. For instance, in studies related to the synthesis of potent multivalent sialoside inhibitors of influenza virus hemagglutinin [34], it became of interest to evaluate the immunogenicity of neoglycoproteins containing sialosides as sole immunodominant hapten. To this end, acetochloroneuraminic acid (1) was transformed into allyl glycoside 2 (Scheme 1) which upon reductive ozonolysis afforded aldehyde 3 in excellent overall yields [35], Reductive amination of 3 to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tetanus toxoid provided immunogenic vaccines from which specific rabbit IgG anti-sialic acid antibodies were obtained [36]. In order... 

H. Kunz and S. Bimbach, Synthesis of O-glycopeptides of the tumor associated T - and T-antigen type and their binding to bovine serum albumin, Angew. Chem. lnt. Ed. Engl. 25 360 (1986). 

Further materials that have been evaluated as supports for solid-phase synthesis include phenol-formaldehyde polymers [239,240], platinum electrodes coated with polythiophenes [241], proteins (bovine serum albumin) [242], polylysine [243], soluble poly (vinyl alcohol) [244], various copolymers of vinyl alcohol [4,245,246], and soluble dendrimers [14,247]. 

Biophysical characterization showed that a single HRP II protein bound 17 molecules of heme [35]. In an in vitro heme polymerization assay, HRP II promoted the synthesis of hemozoin, while controls, such as the proteins bovine serum albumin and lysozyme or the homopeptides polyhistidine, polylysine, and polyasparagine, did not. FT-IR analysis of the reaction product showed the characteristic vibrations of hemozoin. The polymerization activity had a pH maximum near 4.0, which dropped off precipitously near the pKa of histidine. The heme polymerization... 

The assays for the enzyme synthesis of sulfogalactosyl-glycerolipid, sulfatides and galactocerebrosides were carried out as previously described respectively by Subba Rao, et al. (28) Sarlieve, et al. 05, 29), and Neskovic, et al. (30). The assay for 2, 3 cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase was performed according to the method of Prohaska, et al. (31). EL coli. alkaline phosphatase type III-S, 2, 3 -cAMP, and sodium deoxycholate were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Protein was determined by the method of Lowry, et al. (32) with crystalline bovine serum albumin as the standard. 

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