Production series

Besides standard designs special GDC designs have been developed for registration of charge patterns upon the electrostatic paper with thermoplastic potential layers with an input semiconductor target, with a microchannel plate at the input and so on. The GDC design provided the basis for series production of GDC with maximum dimensions (500 x 600 mm ) and a service life above 5000 hours. 

As an alternative to seals, irreversible bonding can be applied, e.g. by laser welding the surface of a microstructured stack [29, 30] or by diffusion bonding via vacuum compression of a microstructured stack [18, 37-39], For better handling and fluid interconnection, diffusion-bonded stacks may be surrounded by a shell [18, 37-39], Diffusion-bonded stacks typically are more compact. In addition, this interconnection technique is principally amenable to small-series production. Accordingly, it is seen as a proper way to realize future commercial, off-the-shelf micro reactors,... 

The makespan for multiproduct plants depends on the campaign arrangement. If the campaigns are carried out in series (product A,A,A. .. product B,B,B), the makespan is the sum of times required for all campaigns if time for cleaning between campaigns is negligible. 

The previous section has evidenced that NH3-SCR technology has been used successfully for more than two decades, to reduce NOx emissions from power stations fired by coal, oil and gas, from marine vessels and stationary diesel engines. NH3-SCR technology for high-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles has also been developed to the commercialization stage and is already available as an option in the series production of several European truck-manufacturing companies starting from 2001. For mobile source applications, the preferred reductant source is aqueous urea, which rapidly hydrolyses to produce ammonia in the exhaust stream. 

Calculations for our new Do 328 aircraft showed that a ceramic exhaust nozzle would reduce the weight by a factor of two compared to the metal part. Series production at reasonable cost also seems possible. 

In 2010, Mercedes-Benz plans to launch the first series-production car of the B-Class F-Cell vehicle. This F-Cell will contain the next generation fuel cell engine with a redesigned stack that is 40 percent smaller and produces 30 percent more power. 

Soudek, P., Vanek, T., and Valenova, S., 2005b, Method of removal of uranium and its decay series products from water. Patent application. 

French Creek Software, Inc. Water Cycle Series Product Information. Internet information. htpp //www.frenchcreeksoftware.com, USA. 

We could define matrix multiplication to be analogous to addition simply multiplying corresponding elements. After all, in mathematics any rules are permitted, as long as they do not lead to contradictions. However, as we shall see in a moment, for matrices to be useful in dealing with simultaneous equations we must adopt a slightly more complex multiplication rule. The easiest way to understand matrix multiplication is to first define series multiplication. If series a = Sa = cti a2 <+. .., and series b = Sb = bx b2 /+. . then we define the series product as... 

Conventional welding may well be applied for prototypes and small series production especially for bonding of reactor/device periphery such as inlet diffusers and fluidic connections. In the case of chemical reactors, overheating needs to be avoided if precoating techniques are applied to avoid damage to the catalyst coating. 

Almost all technologies described so far are suitable for prototyping or for small series production only. It simply takes a lot of time and is therefore costly to manufacture a large number of microstructures by laser ablation or wire erosion and by milling or SLM. This is not so in the case of the etching techniques. Here, a large number of microstructure devices can be very easily generated. 

PLD for series production Pilot scale production PLD systems are in successful operation for X-ray mirrors and are commercially available with excellent thickness and composition homogeneity and reproducibility [14,128]... 

Similar reactions have been carried out with amidines (67NEP6610627). Thus tri-chloroacetamidine (309) reacts with chlorothioformate esters to produce thioacyl products (310) which are readily oxidized to 5-alkoxy-3-trichloromethyl-l,2,4-thiadiazoles (311). The yields in both steps are about 80% (Scheme 111). The bromine oxidation of N-thiocarbamyl derivatives (312) of cyclic amidines (2-aminopyridine, 2-aminothiazole, 2-aminopyrimidine) yields thiadiazolium salts (313) (71JPR1148). In the 2-aminopyridine series, products of type (230 Scheme 81) are obtained in 20-73% yield when R is an ethoxycar-bonyl group (750PP55). 

However, it was not until the end of the sixties that development was begun on the two basic types which have been manufactured up to the present day (almost) exclusively in series production and have regularly been built into motor cars starting in 1975 and in almost every case from 1990 onwards. 

Plastic bodies are formed by various methods ranging from simple manual ones used nowadays mainly for objects of art or small series production, to automated processes. 

AH costs are given in Deutschmark (1 DM = 0.56 US- Aug. 1997). The costs are mainly determined by the energy input and the capital costs of the production plants. For both vectors it was assumed that hydroelectricity is available at 0.05 DM/kWh and 8,300 h/a. Capital costs are calculated on a real interest rate of 8% and depreciation periods (usually 15 years power station 20 years) correspond to about 50% of the expected technical lifetime of the plants. The plant capacity was calculated to produce about 200 tons of methanol per day. It is assumed that no additional costs for a MlOO car are necessary in a series production compared to a conventional gasoline car. Further assunq)tions were mainly taken from Ref.[l]. 

External mold release was still necessary, but only every so often - as little as once every 300 cycles or so, or as often as once every 25 cycles. All In all, not often enough to be a factor In cycle efficiency. For this series, productivity Improvements ranged from a worst case of 33% to a best case of 140%, with the range 50% to 75% being typical. The values are significant. 

The Cluing times of photocuring adhesives are between 1 s and 15 min. For this reason, these adhesives are particularly attractive for large series production... 

For ambitious soft hybrid and, especially, for HEV applications, a voltage significantly higher than 42-V will be needed [5,15,16]. The first series-production vehicle of this type is the Toyota Prius, of which production has exceeded 100,000 units since it was launched in 1997 [17,18]. 

Today, flooded lead acid batteries are used in SLI duty. Although installation of valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries in series-production vehicles began as early as the late 1980s [19 22], penetration of the SLI market by VRLA batteries has, so far, been quite limited. VRLA batteries are primarily used only in motorcycles, some military applications and, recently, in niche-markets such as luxury cars, taxis, and agricultural vehicles. 

Increasing miniaturization of mechanical components and rising demands in the precision mechanics and microtechnology industries are creating high demands on assembly automation. Today automated solutions only exist for mass series production systems (the watchmaking industry, the electronics industry). Automation of assembly tasks for small and medium-sized series is still rare. Flexible automated microassembly systems are required there due to the large number of different types and variants. 

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