Sequential extraction procedures Tessier

Rapin F., Tessier A., Campbell P.G.C., Carignan R. Potential artifacts in the determination of metal partitioning in sediments by a sequential extraction procedure. Environ Sci Technol 1986 20 836-840. 

Tessier, A., Campell, P.G.C., and Bisson, M., Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal Chem 1979 51 844... 

Sequential extraction procedures have been applied for the purpose of isolating species of elements from particulate materials, soils and sediments (see Chapters 10 and 11). In sequential extraction procedures, samples are treated with a series of chemicals under rigorously controlled conditions of temperature, time and ratio of reactant to sample. The work of Tessier et al. (1979) resulted in a carefully designed procedure for the determination of species of elements in sediments. It has been used and modified by other investigators. Trace elements in the extracts are usually determined by means of AAS, ICPAES and ICP-MS. An example is the study of sequential extractions for the determination of 20 trace elements in ten certified geological reference materials (Hall et al., 1996). 

Typical sequential extraction procedures employed for soils, sediment, and waste materials are based on the five-stage procedure of Tessier et al. [61]. For plant material (e.g., aquatic moss [3] and spinach [4]), sequential analysis with the use of water, EDTA, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, methanol, and... 

Sequential extraction procedures developed by Tessier etal. (1979) were applied to house dust and street dust by Fergusson and Kim (1991). Results indicated that most of the Pb (65-85%), Zn (70-95%), and Cd (60 -80%) was associated with the carbonate phase and the amorphous iron/ manganese hydrous oxide phases, but it was noted that the distribution of metals amongst different matrix components varied with proximity to different industrial sources. In another study, Zn was associated with the calcium-rich matrix, whereas Cd and Pb were associated with the silicon-rich matrix (Johnson et al., 1982). 

Tessier A, Campbell PGC, Bisson M (1979) Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal Chem, 51 844-851 Ure AM, Quevauviller Ph, Muntau H, Griepink B (1993) Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commision of the European Communities. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 51 135-151 Wallmann K, Kersten M, Gruber J, Forstner U (1993) Artifacts in the determination of trace metal binding forms in anoxic sediments by sequential extraction. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 51 187-200... 

Tessier, a., Campbell, P. G. C. Bisson, M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844-850. 

In the fields of environmental and exploration geochemistry, considerable use has been made of sequential extraction procedures in order to determine the bioavailability and geomobUity of trace metals (including V, Cr, As, Se, Cd and Pb). More recently, sequential extractions have been used to elucidate information relating to the speciation of metals in soils and sediments. The extraction protocol developed by Tessier " has traditionally been used (with modifications) and involves the sequential use of a variable cocktail of extractants including acetic acid, sodium acetate, magnesiumchloride, EDTA, acidified hydroxylamine hydrochloride, oxalic acid, sodium... 

Single and sequential extraction schemes have been designed in earlier years and widely used to assess the different retention/release of metals in soil and sediment samples (Tessier et al., 1979 Salomons and Forstner, 1980 Thomas et al., 1980 Meguellati et al., 1987). However, the lack of uniformity in the different procedures used did not allow the results to be compared worldwide or the procedures to be... 

An interesting, and somewhat radical, departure from traditional extraction methodology was proposed by Cave and Wragg (1997). They demonstrated that, with an appropriate chemometric mixture resolution procedure, a simple, nonspecific extraction could provide information on metal binding in soil SRM 2710 similar to that obtained by a Tessier sequential extraction. The method used a central composite design, with extraction time, nitric acid concentration and sample extractant ratio as variables, together with PCA. 

Perez-Cid et al. (1996) compared Tessier and BCR sequential extractions for the speciation of Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn in sludge from an urban wastewater treatment plant and found similar performance for the two procedures. Zufiaurre et al. (1998) later demonstrated, using the Tessier method and PCA, that, since most metals in a sludge were bound to oxidisable and residual fractions, bioavailability was likely to be very low. 

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