Sensor noise effect

Based on the above performance concerns, Eqs. (22.22) and (22.24), an L2-gain robust controller is designed such that the plant disturbance d and sensor noise 6 have minimum effect on the plant dynamics and control actions. In an energy sense, this can be specified by... 

An extensive series of studies is conducted to investigate the effects of various weighting factors associated with the mechanical energy of the oscillatory field ((/), actuation energy (r), plant disturbance (a), and sensor noise (/ ) on the robustness and performance of the controller. Also included in the parametric investigation are the affordable bound of system dynamics uncertainty (I/7) and the maximum time delay of the distributed combustion of control fuel 5t). Results indicate that... 

The closed-loop deadband is an indication of the variability in the controlled variable that results from the combined effects of actuator deadband, sensor noise, and resolution of the A/D and D/A converters. The closed-loop settling time is an indication of the combined lags of the control loop components. The closed-loop performance assessment is a means of determining whether all the major problems within a control loop have been rectified. 

Apply filtering to the sensor reading. Sensor filtering rednces the effect of sensor noise on the variability in the controlled variable bnt introdnces lag to the feedback system, which is detrimental to control performance. Therefore, filtering should be applied carefully. 

Compared with the initial alignment, the impact of the sensor errors on the azimuth is rather small. Thus for the determination and the transfer of a relative bearing it is to be expected that a rather high accuracy will be able to be obtained, depending on the dynamic of the trajectory and of course on the elapsed time, since all INS errors are time-dependent. In addition, the effect of sensor noise hcis to be considered, which is not included in the enumeration of table (2), but a discussion of this effect goes far beyond the scope of this report. 

The Laplacian filter is a special high pass filter, effectively enhancing the plume and other subtle sensor noise in the image. A Laplacian convolution mask is applied to perform edge enhancement and is insensitive to direction and invariant to rotation. 

According to SVO, this is an Overtaking encounter, where the speeds of the UAVs are very close. Due to the sensor noise, the intruder sometimes decided its speed was greater than the subject UAV s and took avoidance manoeuvres while in fact it shouldn t have. The result is that the intruder s right turn avoidance manoeuvres cancelled out some of the effect of the subject UAV s and they collide sometime in the future. But if there were no sensor noise, the collision would not have happened as shown in Fig. 9 (b). 

Since the early 1970s, coordination chemistry and photochemistry have combined to allow development of a wide range of responsive metal complexes. These allow non-invasive monitoring of metal ion concentrations. Time-resolved measurements are particularly powerful, since they allow detection of very small amounts of substrate and have optimal signal-to-noise ratios. Nonetheless, much remains to be done using the tools which these early studies have provided, particularly with reference to the development of effective sensor systems for a range of ions by time-resolved techniques. 

Far instrumentation purposes, there are clear advantages in placing at least some of the electronic circuitry close to the sensor (see Section 15.1) in order to reduce pick-up noise. However, there may also be inherent advantages in operating transistors at low temperatures, such as increased switching speed or lower noise. A serious problem is the effect on device reliability of the stresses induced by thermal cycling. 

In the present experiment, the optical fiber is aligned to the sensor chip using a separate micropositioner, and no antireflection coatings are used on the chip facets. As a result, the observed noise floor is limited by vibrations and interference effects of the present experimental setup. With the adoption of well-established packaging... 

The result of a number of curve fits are averaged to further reduce the effects of noise. The averaged decay time is then compared with values stored in adigital look-up table to determine the temperature of the sensor. 

The main advantage of multivariate calibration based on CLS with respect to univariate calibration is that CLS does not require selective measurements. Selectivity is obtained mathematically by solving a system of equations, without the requirement for chemical or instrumental separations that are so often needed in univariate calibration. In addition, the model can use a large number of sensors to obtain a signal-averaging effect [4], which is beneficial for the precision of the predicted concentration, making it less susceptible to the noise in the data. Finally, for the case of spectroscopic data, the Lambert Bouguer Beer s law provides a sound foundation for the predictive model. 

Fast Response CO Sensor. The sensor requirements for eddy covariance measurements are extreme. To be used within a few meters of a plant canopy, the sensor must have a frequency response in excess of 20 Hz. Additionally, because the large mean density of CO2 in the atmosphere (about 560 mg m-3) and the deviations around the mean associated with turbulent transfer are small (>10 mg m-3), the sensor must have a signal to noise ratio in excess of 3500 1. The sensor must maintain these specifications for long durations, while mounted on a tower above the canopy, where it is exposed to constant changes in temperature, solar irradiation, and background gas concentrations. The instrument must unobtrusively sense the natural turbulant fluctuations of the atmosphere. To effectively accomplish this it must be small and streamlined. 

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