Oscillatory field

N. F. Ramsey (Harvard) invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks. 

An extensive series of studies is conducted to investigate the effects of various weighting factors associated with the mechanical energy of the oscillatory field ((/), actuation energy (r), plant disturbance (a), and sensor noise (/ ) on the robustness and performance of the controller. Also included in the parametric investigation are the affordable bound of system dynamics uncertainty (I/7) and the maximum time delay of the distributed combustion of control fuel 5t). Results indicate that... 

F cos At. Again one has to investigate the competition between an internal nonlinear oscillation and an external oscillatory field. 

The generation of attosecond laser pulses in high-harmonic generation is a natural consequence of the physics discussed in Sects. 3.2 and 3.3. As discussed in Sect. 3.3, the ionization that launches the electron into the continuum is a highly non-linear phenomenon that will favor field maxima in the femtosecond driver laser. Following this ionization step, and in the spirit of the results presented in Sect. 3.2, the electrons will be accelerated by the oscillatory field of the laser and move along relatively well-defined trajectories that carry the electron back to the parent ion at well-defined times. Consequently, we expect the electron-parent ion recombination and the XUV production to occur only during a small portion of the optical cycle. 

Separated Oscillatory Field Measurement of the Lamb Shift in H, n=2 ... 

This paper reports a precision measurement of the Lamb shift in the n=2 state of hydrogen using separated oscillatory fields in conjunction with a fast atomic beam. Atoms in the 2 S 2 metastable state are produced through charge capture by protons in a gas target. The atoms pass thrugh two separated oscillatory fields whose relative phase is switched between 0 and ir. A rf quenching field and a solar blind... 

The fast beam separated oscillatory field technique (SOF) provides a method through which one can obtain a series of lines whose widths are less than the natural line width with a good understanding of the factors which determine the line shape and the line center. This paper summarizes a separated oscillatory field measurement of the Lamb shift in hydrogen.[1]... 

To select one hyperfine state the preparation quench plates are driven at 1110 MHz and the detection quenching plates are driven at 910 MHz. Figure 3 shows the microwave system used to produce the two separated oscillatory fields. A high precision coaxial magic Tee drives the two rf regions so that they have relative phases of 0° or 180°. Figure 4 shows the hyperfine state selection. 

Figure 5 shows the average quench and interference signals obtained with a 100 keV beam and increasing separation of the rf regions. The envelope of the interference signal is determined by the spatial distribution of the rf field in the two separated oscillatory field regions. 

Fig. 3 The system used to power the separated oscillatory fields...

The fast beam separated oscillatory field method has been used to measure with high precision the Lamb shift in the n=2 state of hydrogen. The agreement between the measured value and the theoretical value is obscured by the discrepant values for... 

In practice we usually think about the response of a material to oscillatory fields— absorption, reflection, transmission, refraction, etc. We learn to connect the frequencies at which electromagnetic waves are absorbed with the natural motions of the material. If necessary, we can use oscillatory-field responses to know what the material would do in nonoscillatory fields. 

The drive for accuracy produced Ramsey s separated oscillatory field method however, there were limits to how far apart the two... 

This number is used to characterize the stationary and unsteady oscillatory flow when the oscillatory field frequency presents a significant value. This type of flow can be generated for example, when a fluid is transported by piston pumps. In this case, the frequency flow parameters could be described by a combination of Strouhal number and Reynolds number ... 

In addition to relationships between apparent viscosity and dynamic or complex viscosity, those between first normal stress coefficient versus dynamic viscosity or apparent viscosity are also of interest to predict one from another for food processing or product development applications. Such relationships were derived for the quasilinear co-rotational Goddard-Miller model (Abdel-Khalik et al., 1974 Bird et al., 1974, 1977). It should be noted that a first normal stress coefficient in a flow field, V i(y), and another in an oscillatory field, fri(ct>), can be determined. Further, as discussed below, (y) can be estimated from steady shear and dynamic rheological data. 

The Physical Origin of Electronic Solvent Shifts. The motion of electrons in the solute sets up oscillatory fields in the solvent. The solvent thereby becomes... 

The integration of equation (7-23) is carried out in the same fashion as equation (7-8). In addition, it has been assumed that the oscillatory field has been applied to the sample long enough (t r) so that a steady condition has developed. This being the case, terms involving e"t,T are dropped since this factor approaches zero. These exponentials are, in fact, associated with initial transients, arising at the start of the experiment, which quickly become unimportant under most experimental conditions. The complex dielectric constant as a function of frequency can now be defined as... 

Because the stimulated transport of cations did not require ATP hydrolysis, the enzyme must be able to absorb free energy from the applied electric field. Only an oscillatory field of defined frequency and amplitude was effective. Figures 1 and 2 show the dependence of these ion pumping activities on the field strength and on the frequency of the applied ac field, respectively. 

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