Selected Electrolytes

Approximate single ion mobilities may be calculated by assuming that the cation and anion mobilities of a selected electrolyte are the same and equal to... 

Table 5.13 Solvent isotope effects on solubility of selected electrolytes in H20 Salt T/K Lh AL, %...

Fig. 11. Oxygen ion conductivity versus temperature for selected electrolytes. From ref. [50].

B. Pape, Analytical toxicology applications of the element-selective electrolytic conductivity detector for gas chromatography, Clin. Chem., 22 739-748 (1976). 

General Procedure. The selected electrolyte solution was placed in the jacketed reaction flask which was held at constant temperature by the connected circulating water bath. The tip of a buret containing the cyclic ether was introduced through a stopper into the mouth of the reaction flask. With the electrolyte solution undergoing constant stirring the cyclic ether was delivered slowly from the buret into the reaction flask to the point of turbidity or precipitation, and the delivered volume of cyclic ether was noted. The densities of the cyclic ethers (dioxane and THF) and of the electrolyte solutions used had been determined previously the normalities of the electrolyte solutions were known. With these data, the volume measurement of each of the components of the mixture was... 

Sulfides are also oxidized to sulfoxides under electrochemical " and photochemical " conditions. Electrochemical oxidation has remained rather unselective, giving mixtures of sulfoxides and sul-fones, but a highly selective electrolytic oxidation is now known where the electric current passes through a bath of 4-polyvinylpyridine hydrobromide (PVP-HBr) and sulfide (equation 24). " ... 

El05 Costello, P., Kubasik, N.P., Brody, B.B., Sine, H.E., Bertsch, J.A. and D Souza, J.P. (1983). Multilayer film analysis Evaluation of ion-selective electrolyte slides. Clin. Chem. 29, 129-132. 

The titration protocol (for a selected electrolyte at a certain concentration and a fixed solid-to-liquid ratio) defines the starting and end points of titration, the distances between the data points, and the rate of titration. The distances between data points can be defined by a fixed amount of titrant added per data point or by fixed differences in pH between data points. The rate of titration can be defined by a fixed time of equilibration or by an accepted rate of pH drift (the data point is taken once the rate drops below a pre-assumed value). Even in fast titrations,... 

Figure 12.9 Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity of selected electrolytes. The temperature ranges of utilization of interconnects materials are also indicated. For electrolyte thicknesses > ISOum, the cell can be supported by the ionic membrane.

Table 2. Anode potentials for selected electrolytes (Pt electrodes) (70IZV1207) ...

C. D. Black and N. D. Popovich. A study of i. v. emulsion compatibility effects of dextrose, amino acids, and selected electrolytes. Drug Intelt. Clin. Phann., 15. 184-193, 1981. 

In order to confirm the hypothesis that LP prefers to coordinate with cyclic solvents other than acyclic carbonates, Ciesce et al. employed a nondestructive mass spectrum (MS) technique to map the distribution of cyclic and acyclic carbonate molecules within a LP-solvation sheath [49]. Figure 5.12 shows the MS spectra of a few selected electrolyte compositions consisting of varying ratios of cyclic EC and acyclic EMC. In the absence of EC (Fig. 5.12, top), LP is solvated by the only solvent, and the spectrum looks rather clean, with Li(EMC) and Li(EMC)2 being the major solvates. 

Aurbach D., Moshkovich M. A Study of Lithium Deposition-Dissolution Processes in a Few Selected Electrolyte Solutions by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145, 2629-2639. 

The lithium passivation in liquid electrolyte cells has been extensively investigated and its characteristics - in terms of nature and of growth rate of the passivation film, as well as its effect on the cyclability of the lithium electrode - have been well established. As a result of these studies, it is now clear that the efficiency of the lithium plating-stripping process greatly depends on the nature of the selected electrolyte solution. 

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Electrolyte Compounds... 

This assumption seemed reasonable in view of the similarity of the sizes and limiting conductances of the two ions. It gave rise to the Macinnes convention, which enables the activity coefficients of other ionic species to be evaluated from the known mean activity coefficients of selected electrolytes. This process, called the mean salt method", has been used extensively and with apparent success in studies of the seawater medium. Carrels and Thompson (40,41) used a glass electrode reversible to Na" to establish a reference point for the activity coefficient of that ion in seawater. The Macinnes convention was then applied to obtain data for the other ions present. The procedure proposed by Maronny and Valensi (42,43) for the determination of standard pH values utilizes Equation 6, where is... 

Cationic transference numbers of selected electrolytes in aqueous solution at 298 K (9, 24)... 

It is well known that graphite is unstable in some aprotic electrolytes. For instance, when propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a solvent, the cointercalation of solvent molecules and the Li ions will lead to the exfoliation of graphite layers Only in some selected electrolyte systems such as LiPF in EC/DEC (EC for ethylene carbonate and DEC for diethyl carbonate), can graphite show better cycling behavior. Solvent decomposition on the surface of conductive carbon or lithium electrodes will lead to the formation of a passivating layer. Peled named this layer as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). ° It is an ionic conductor but electron insulator, mainly composed of LijCOj and various lithium alkylcarbonates (ROCO Li) as well as small amounts of LiE, LijO, and nonconductive polymers. These compounds have been detected on carbon and Li electrodes in various electrolyte systems. Therefore, it would be an interesting question whether semiconductive nano-SnO anode is also sensitive to electrolyte and electrolyte decomposition takes place on it. This section will characterize the structures and compositions of the... 

Table 9.2 Liquid junction potentials for selected electrolytes at tenfold concentration change across the junction, at 25 °C...

The electrolytic polishing process is a selective electrolytic dissolution of metals in which projections in the surface are attacked more rapidly than depressions. The object may be to produce a bright surface, or one suitable for micrographic examination. The surface to be treated is made the anode, and a great variety of electrolytes have been used perchloric, chromic and nitric acids are common constituents, but salt solutions or fused salts are more suitable in some cases. 

Table 10.3 Resistances and apparent activation energy for selected single electrodes, that is Ni-YSZ cermet anodes, LSM-YSZ composite cathodes, and for selected electrolytes from the literature [46]...

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