Select an Approach

The way you approach designing specific PSM systems depends on the nature of the gaps the overall system must address. As discussed in Section 5.3.2, the levels of PSM compliance your assessment has revealed can take many forms  

A review of these thresholds can help you select the best approach to systems design for your company s needs. Also consider other factors, such as  

DEVELOP SPECIFIC PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 

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A variety of modeling approaches may be used to estimate pollutant concentrations in exposure media. These range from qualitative estimates extrapolated from case examples or environmental scenarios, simple analytical equilibrium or transport models, to complex multi-media models. In selecting an approach or approaches, it is important that ... 

Selecting an approach The solid from the centrifuge might be identifiable by infrared spectroscopy. 

Selecting an approach The suspended solid material in the crude oil might be identifiable by infrared spectroscopy, but obtaining an identifiable spectrum of the small amount of solid material suspended in the oil requires separating it from the oil. One approach would be to filter and wash the oil out of the residue with a solvent such as hexane. Another approach would be to subtract the spectrum of the oil from the spectrum of the oil+haze. 

Selecting an approach A sample of copra is needed so that a reference spectrum can be obtained and compared to the spectra of the material in the oil. 

Selecting an approach Off-flavors are typically due to volatile compounds present at extremely low levels. (Flavor is sensed more by the olfactory system than the tongue, which senses only 5 flavors, sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami). GC is ideal for detecting low levels of volatile components. In this case, headspace GC will allow you to treat the plastic directly. Since the off-flavor is suspected to be derived from the polypropylene packaging material, you decide to compare different samples ( good vs. bad ) of the material using headspace GC with both a flame ionization detector (FID) and a sniff port. These chromatograms are shown in Fig. 21.9. 

Selecting an approach Since the chromatograms appeared identical using the FID, a different technique is needed to allow detection of the off-flavor. GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) provides more information than GC-FID and, in selected ion monitoring mode, can detect lower concentrations. 

Selecting an approach Physical separation of the two compounds will not be easy, but mass spectral subtraction techniques may allow you to obtain a spectrum of the peak of interest. 

Selecting an approach The in situ dissolved oxygen monitors in the river near the area of the kill report normal dissolved oxygen levels. 

Selecting an approach A nearby lab specializes in mass spectrometric analysis and can perform the EPA screening method for pesticides and other toxic chemicals. Your own lab just bought an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer and can analyze the water for heavy metals. 

Selecting an approach To check for chlorine in the river water, there are many potential techniques. The simplest one would be a total chlorine test strip, in which the chlorine in the water reacts with chemicals on the paper to change the color. 

Selecting an approach Since fish are the ultimate detector, Joe proposes using fish to test the water. 

Selecting an approach If available, a CO-Oximeter, an instrument used to test human blood by measuring its UV-Visible light spectrum, would be ideal. If unavailable, a standard UV-Vis will be used. 

Hughes, D (1990) Immunocytochemistry—selecting an approach to the identification of aspirated human renal allograft endothelium and epithelium Trans R M S 1,701-706... 

Table 11.2 Recommendations for Selecting an Approach to Estimate Pharmacokinetic Parameters... 

Required is selecting an approach to determine a criterion on the basis of which the performance requirements or design of the system can be evaluated resulting in the most appropriate design or set of operating conditions can be identified. In many engineering applications this criterion concerns economics. In turn one has to define economics such... 

The development stage has four steps (1) explore possibilities, (2) select an approach, (3) develop a design proposal, and (4) make a prototype. 

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