Sediment and marine

Hertz HS, Chesler SN, May WE et al. (1974) Methods for trace organic analysis in sediments and marine organisms. Special publication no. 409. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, p 197... 

Gron [23] has reviewed methods for the determination of halogenated organic compounds (adsorbable, volatile and extractable), with particular reference to their applicability to wastewaters and marine samples (marine sediments and marine organisms). Typical analytical results for marine... 

Thirty-five microorganisms isolated from marine sediment and marine water samples taken from Hawaii and Houston, TX were capable of degrading p,p- DDT. jO,//-DDD was identified as the major metabolite. Minor transformation products included 2,2-bis(/t-chlorophenyl)-ethanol (DDOH), 2,2-bis(/t-chlorophenyl)ethane, and p,p-DDE (Path et al., 1972). 

Of course, the discovery of new structures is very important. Marine microbes are relatively new targets for such research. Bacteria and fungi isolated from marine environments, i.e., seawater, sediments, and marine organisms, often produce metabolites identical or similar to those from terrestrial species. 

Delle Site el al. [279] have used extraction chromatography to determine plutonium in seawater, sediments and marine organisms... 

Table 4 Heavy metals in the Earth s crustal materials, soils, freshwater sediments, and marine sediments.

Wong, K.M., Radiochemical determination of plutonium in sea water, sediments and marine organisms. Anal. Chim. Acta, 56 (1971) 355-364. 

Figure 15.18. Comparison of global reservoirs and their residence times (t in years) (Example 15.3). The reservoirs of the atmosphere, of surface fresh waters, and of living biomass are significantly smaller than the reservoirs of sediment and marine waters and are thus more susceptible to distuibance. For example, the combustion of fossil fuel (from the reservoir of organic carbon in sediments) will have an impact on the smaller reservoirs CO2 in the atmosphere will be markedly enlarged. This combustion also fixes some N2 to NO and NO2 sulfur, associated with the organic carbon, introduces CO2 into the atmosphere. These nitrogen and sulfur compounds are washed out relatively rapidly into soil and aquatic ecosystems. The total groundwater reservoir may be twice that of surface fresh water but, however, is less accessible. (From Stumm, 1986.)...

Luminous bacteria were isolated from seawater, sediment and marine organisms around the coastal areas of Japan. Some of the isolates having strong luminescence were identified by their 16S-rDNA sequences. Luminous bacterial isolates were usually cultured in half-strength SWC medium at 20 °C. 

A priori, it would have been expected that the greatest drive towards intercalibration should have occurred in those areas most important to industry, such as petroleum hydrocarbon and organochlorine compounds in seawater, sediments, and marine organisms. Much has been done in this area (see, e.g. [5-15]), but the topic is covered in greater detail in the chapter by Zitko in this volume. The combination of the availability of reference materials and the participation in intercalibration exercises has resulted in a great improvement in both the accuracy and precision of these analyses. 

The analysis of trace metals in seawater, sediments, and marine organisms has always been a major preoccupation of marine chemists the analytical literature contains methods for almost every element in the periodic table. Most of these methods have never been adopted by anyone other than the original author, as improvements in machine methods overtook methods based on chemical manipulations. In my own case, my Ph.D. thesis [16] described a number of novel methods for trace-metal analysis in sediments, all of which became irrelevant with the advent of atomic absorption analysis. The newer machine methods pin-pointed the wide range of values found in the literature for many trace metals, and by the late 1960s it was obvious that some sort of intercomparison or intercalibration was needed for the trace metals most commonly measured. 

A summary of milestones in the study of marine sediments and marine geology is presented in Table 1.1. 

Milestones in the Study of Soils, Marine Sediments, and Marine Geotechnics... 

K.M. El-MoseUiy and M.N. Gabal. Trace metals in water, sediments and marine organisms from the northern part of the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 46 39-46,2004. 

Li QZ, Zhang X, Yan CZ (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of recent sediments and marine organisms from Xiamen Bay, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58 711-721... 

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