Sectoral market shares

Beyond these indirect costs, there are future costs associated with new or more stringent variations of existing environmental legislation. We also need to recognize that all operations, especially those within complex industry sectors like petrochemicals, carry liabilities and exposures to potential catastrophic releases. Systems do fail for a variety of reasons, leading to unplarmed and sometimes innocent mistakes, that may result in third-party exposures for environmental damages or health risk exposures. These costs are related to legal fees, loss in consumer confidence, and subsequent losses in market shares for the products a company sells, as well as the clean-up associated with the spill or release. 

As a set of minimum standards, ISO 9000 addresses the business community. It was intended for purchasers as a means for them to obtain products and services of consistent quality from their suppliers. In place of purchaser-specified general quality management requirements, ISO 9000 became the common requirement and hence eliminated the need for such requirements. As a consequence, it provides suppliers that meet its requirements with a demonstrable capability that others may not possess and hence such capability becomes a persuasive marketing tool that will increase market share. ISO 9000 was also intended for application to all types of industry and therefore did not contain requirements for any specific industry sector or type of products or services. Partially due to the scope of misinterpretation and the degree to which particular industries have common supplier requirements, certain industry sectors perceived the need for harmonizing such requirements in a form that added to those requirements in ISO 9000. 

In contrast, in England 35.04 per cent of active ingredients have versions on the market that bear generic names. The market share of products with generic names reaches 46.22 per cent of prescriptions made out in the non-hospital sector of the NHS. In England, doctors can choose between brand name products and generic equivalents in 72.09 per cent of prescription decisions. 

However, as the negative animal welfare impact associated with caged and other intensive indoor production systems became apparent, animal welfare became a primary driver for consumer demand and product differentiation in the poultry sector. As a result, both organic and conventional free range products have achieved significant market shares and price premiums compared to products from intensive indoor production in most European countries (Hamm et al., 2002). 

The largest direct effects on employment due to the transition to a hydrogen economy are seen for the automotive industry, and to a lesser extent for the plant and equipment sector. This is because losing (or winning) market shares to (or from) a foreign competitor may lead to lost (or gained) sales of the complete vehicle, not... 

The conclusions above are all based on the assumption that no shifts in export-import relations occur (e.g., same market share of fuel-cell vehicles for European car manufactures as today for conventional vehicles). However, the mid-term employment effects in automotive sectors could be drastic if the assumption of similar competitiveness is rejected for hydrogen technologies. It could also be assumed that in such a case relevant negative consequences for GDP would occur. However, with great efforts in the field of hydrogen, exports might be possible with additional positive effects for employment and growth. 

Table 2.7 and Figure 2.6 indicate the approximate market shares consumed by different application sectors for plastics as a whole. The figures vary according to geographical regions and may evolve with time. 

Table 2.7 Market shares for the eight main plastic application sectors...

The consumption of thermoplastics predominates (as indicated by Table 2.3) but the market share distribution of the thermoplastic application sectors (see Table 2.8 and Figure 2.7) is nevertheless somewhat different from that of plastics as a whole. Figures vary broadly according to geographical area. 

The composite market shares taken by the automotive transportation, electrical electronics, and sports leisure sectors are approximately twice the average for plastics as a whole. 

Figure 2.7. Market shares of the eight major thermoplastic application sectors...

Table 2.11 US market shares for the ten main composite appUcation sectors...

The statistically identified consumptions vary broadly according to the source but three sectors are predominant with market shares of about 20% automotive transportation 21-28%... 

This emphasis on marketing is also capital-intensive. Formulators now spend millions of dollars on television advertising where traditionally retailers shouldered such expenses. After purchasing a new pesticide line, Scotts Company spent twice as much as its former owner to advertise it. In 1998, with only about half the market share in yard care supplies, the company spent 75% of all the advertising dollars in the sector, and purchased 8 million of television airtime in 2002. ... 

As the plastic closure market has grown, designs have been developed that are also suitable for glass bottle necks (particularly in the returnable, refillable markets, where easy removal of the closure and the tamper-evident band is essential during the process prior to refilling). This increased flexibility of closures has led to a further decrease in the market share of metal RO closures in the soft drinks sector. 

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