Secondary explosives table

Values of power index for some primary and secondary explosives are given in the Table 1.7 which shows that the values for power index of secondary explosives are more than the values for primary explosives. 

Table 3.2 A comparison of velocities of detonation for some primary and secondary explosives...

From Table 3.2 it can be seen that the velocity of detonation for secondary explosives is generally higher than that for primary explosives. 

Table 4.1 Temperatures for the initiation of some primary and secondary explosives by friction (via hotspots) and thermal mechanisms...

The Figure of Insensitiveness for the standard explosive sample RDX is 80. Figure of Insensitiveness values for some primary and secondary explosives are presented in Table 4.3. 

The Figure of Friction can be calculated in a similar way using the Bruceton Staircase technique, where the Figure of Friction for the standard explosive RDX is 3.0. Figure of Friction (F of F) values for some secondary explosives are presented in Table 4.4. 

Table 4.4 Figure of Friction ( F of F) for some secondary explosives calculated ...

The thermodynamic path presented in Figure 5.1 will most likely not be the same as the kinetic path . For instance, the reaction may take place in several stages involving complex systems of reaction chains, etc. Nevertheless, the energy evolved depends only on the initial and final states and not on the intermediate ones. Once the reaction is completed, the net heat evolved is exactly the same as if the reactant molecules were first dissociated into their atoms, and then reacted directly to form the final products (Hess s Law). The heats of formation of some primary and secondary explosive substances are presented in Table 5.11. 

Table 5.11 Heats of formation of some primary and secondary explosive substances...

Table 5.12 Heat of explosion and heat of detonation at constant volume for some primary and secondary explosive substances using the K-Wand modified K-W rules. AHf (H20) is in the gaseous state...

The higher the value of Q for an explosive, the more the heat generated when an explosion occurs. Table 5.12 presents calculated heats of explosion together with their calculated heats of detonation for some primary and secondary explosive substances. The negative sign for the heat of explosion is generally omitted since it only denotes an exothermic reaction. 

From Table 5.12 it can be seen that secondary explosives generate far more heat during an explosion than primary explosives. 

Table 4.1 shows a summary of the oxygen balances of important secondary explosives. 

Table 6.1 shows a summary of typical values for the impact, friction and electrostatic sensitivities of some primary and secondary explosives. 

It is thus not surprising that, even neglecting differences in apparatus, data that relate the impact sensitivities of explosives are generally not consistent, a comment which applies even to the sensitivity of lead azide relative to that of secondary explosives. For example, there exist data by Kondrikov [30] showing that in a comparatively well-instrumented apparatus lead azide appeared less sensitive to impact than TNT, PETN, and TNB. Tables II and III illustrate the degrees of consistency obtainable with present apparatus. 

Table Vll shows how the process used to manufacture lead azide, or the consequent product, significantly affects the quantity required to initiate a standard secondary explosive, RDX, in the stab-sensitive detonator (Figure la). Dextrinated lead azide has a lower output because it is less compressible and has more diluent namely, 8.5% dextrin compared to the 3.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) [34] in RD 1333, 2% polyvinyl alcohol in PVA lead azide, and no binder in Service lead azide (see Chapters 1 and 2). This situation is shown quantitatively in Table VII, which shows the minimum charge weights of each...

Table VII. Weights of Lead and Silver Azides Required for Initiation of Secondary Explosives...

The quantity of azide needed also varies significantly depending on the secondary explosive to be initiated (Table VII). These are typical examples fuller details on the minimum amounts of dextrinated lead azide to produce high-order detonation in other explosives is given elsewhere [36]. 

In 1917 Wohler and Martin [37] compared the minimum quantities of silver and lead azides required to initiate various secondary explosives of importance at that time, and their tests were conducted in blasting caps using lead witness plates. Abbreviated details of their findings are also given in Table VII. 

The detonation velocity refers to the velocity of the shock front relative to the unreacted material. Peak shock pressure needed to initiate RDX and other secondary explosives as a function of density and particle size have been measured by the small scale gap test [48]. For RDX, which is commonly used in detonators, peak pressure for initiation is found to range from 9 to 16 kbar. Since even under nonideal conditions lead azide produces over 100 kbar, as shown in Table VI, if enough azide is present, it readily initiates RDX, and other secondary explosives, as shown in Table VII. 

As mentioned in an earlier section, the main international interest in FOX-7 has been as a replacement for the secondary explosive RDX [22]. This section will therefore compare the explosive properties and performance of FOX-7 against that of RDX. Table 1 lists some of the relevant explosive properties for FOX-7 and RDX, and these should help to demonstrate why FOX-7 is an attractive alternative to RDX. 

The substances which have high detonation velocities but are relatively insensitive to shock can act as secondary explosives. Some common secondary explosions are listed in Table 14.3. There are about 120 different chemical compounds which have been used or can be used as explosives. Many are too unstable to be used industrially or for military applications. A practical explosive is one that is not too difficult to produce on a large scale is stable when stored under various conditions of temperature, humidity, and vibrations and is not too expensive. 

Table 14.3 Properties of some selected secondary explosives of importance...

The secondary explosives listed in Tables 14.3 and 14.4 represent the more common compounds. Some comments on a few of these will illustrate their relative characteristics. 

The compacting pressure is an important parameter not only for the primary but also for the secondary explosive as it influences the densities of both. The values tabulated in Table 2.1 refer to the amoimt of primary explosive causing detonation of PETN in 10 out of 10 trials [23]. It can be clearly seen that the xmcompressed PETN requires much lower amounts of practically all primary explosives than compressed PETN. The compression of the secondary charge may lead to such a... 

The dependency of detonation velocity of DDNP on density is summarized in Table 6.2. Its initiating efficiency based on tetryl acceptor charge is better that of MF and LA [12]. The values in TM9-1300-214 [15] confirm superiority of DDNP to MF but the efficiency with respect to LA differs based on the type of acceptor as shown in Table 6.3. It indicates that DDNP is a better initiator for less-sensitive secondary explosives. 

Dinitrobenzofuroxan itself has the characteristics of a secondary explosive. Its metallic salts, some of which are summarized in Table 7.1, have on the other hand primary explosive characteristics. 

Sensitivity values of 5-picrylaminotetrazole compared with LA and LS are summarized in Table 8.17 [52]. It follows from the table that the sensitivity of 5-picrylaminotetrazole is relatively low, almost at a level of secondary explosives. 

It follows from Table 8.18 that the sensitivity of l-(l//-tetrazol-5-yl) guanidinium nitrate is relatively low, similar to secondary explosives. Ignition of l-(l//-tetrazol-5-yl)guanidinium nitrate takes place at 186 °C and the DSC onset is at 163 °C (10 °C min ) [52]. 

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