Seaweeds marine algae

Schnitzler I, Boland W, Hay ME (1998) Organic sulfur compounds from Dictyopteris spp. deter feeding by an herbivorous amphipod (Ampithoe longimana) but not by a herbivorous sea urchin (Arbaciapimctulata). J Chem Ecol 24 1715-1732 Shen Y, T sai PI, Fenical W, Hay ME (1993) Secondary metabolite chemistry of the Caribbean marine alga Sporochnus bolleanus. a basis for herbivore chemical defense. Phytochemistry 32 71-75 Schupp PJ, Paul VJ (1994) Calcium carbonate and secondary metabolites in tropical seaweeds variable effects on herbivorous fishes. Ecology 75 1172-1185 Smit AJ (2004) Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products a review. J Appl Phycol 16 245-262... 

Andrews JH (1976) The pathology of marine algae. Biol Rev 51 211-253 Andrews JH (1977) Observations on pathology of seaweeds in Pacific Northwest. Can J Bot 55 1019-1027... 

Volatile Organohalogens produced by marine algae and seaweed... 

Alain at AJainic Arid 15 a protein of marine algae and is found in many seaweeds. Its principal source of prepn is as a by-product of the extraction of iodine from kelp, principally from Laminaria digitata. It has been used mainly in Japan, for the prepn of films, fabric dressing, and for thickening jellies. 

Though most non-experts are familiar only with the major chlorophylls of the plant world, chlorophyll a (25) and chlorophyll b (26) (which normally co-exist in approximately a 3 to 1 ratio), there exists a tremendous variety of other, less abundant, chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Chlorophyll c is found in certain marine algae, brown seaweeds and fresh water diatoms, but never in terrestrial life forms, and consists of a mixture of the two porphyrin acrylates (27) and (28). Certain species of Rhodophyceae possess chlorophyll d (29) and this pigment resembles chlorophyll a (25), except that the 3-vinyl in the latter is a formyl group in (29). 

Agar. This gum is extracted from certain marine algae belonging to the class Rhodophyceae, red seaweed, which abound off the coasts of Japan, Mexico, Portugal, and Denmark. Important species include Gelidium cartilagineum and Gracilaria confervoides. 

Vanadoproteins are found in most marine algae and seaweed and in some lichens.616 Among these are haloperoxidases,252 253 617 618b enzymes that are quite different from the corresponding heme peroxidases discussed in Section A,6. The vanadium is bound as... 

The enzyme from the red marine alga seaweed, purified 950-fold catalyzes the deamination of compounds noted in Table VII 2 -AMP, 3 -AMP, NADP, and adenine were not substrates. Although no evidence regarding homogeneity was presented the constant ratios of activity for AMP ADP ATP NAD adenosine throughout the purification and heat inactivation data are consistent with a single enzyme. The reaction was activated by divalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and Ba2+ Ca2+ was twice as effective as Mg2+ and Ba2+. The percent activation by Ca2 of NAD, ATP, ADP, 5 -AMP, and adenosine deamination was 81, 260, 200, 116, and 0, respectively (182). 

Table 4.1.14A. Kelp meal (seaweed) dehydrated or dried (IFN 1-08-073). The product resulting from drying and grinding non-toxic macroscopic marine algae (marine plants) of the families Gelidiaceae, Gigartinaceae, Gracilariaceae, Solieriaceae, Palmariaceae, Bangiaceae, Laminariaceae, Lessoniaceae, Alariaceae, Fucaceae, Sargassaceae, Monostromataceae and Ulvaceae. (From CFIA, 2007.)...

As we have discussed, a variety of compounds from all classes of marine algae have now been tested for their effects on feeding by many different temperate and tropical herbivores. Many of these compounds effectively deter feeding by herbivores. However, there is considerable variance in the responses of different types of herbivores to even very similar compounds. Some metabolites inhibit feeding by most herbivores, whereas other compounds deter only a few herbivores.21,24 There is also considerable variation among different herbivores, even closely related species, in their responses to secondary metabolites from seaweeds. Thus, as the diversity of herbivore species increases, the probability of having herbivores that are not affected by any particular chemical defense undoubtedly increases. In these cases, complex mixtures of secondary metabolites253 or multiple defenses may be particularly important.27,29,31... 

The principle problem of algae as sources of lipids is their high water (70-90%) and low lipid content. Despite their lipid content (-7%), the fatty acids of marine algae have aroused considerable interest among researchers for their nutritional value to other marine organisms, occurrence of bioactive conjugated fatty acids, and potential medical applications. The annual production of carotenoids from seaweeds is estimated to be approximately 100 million tons, of which fucoxanthin, the main carotenoids from brown seaweed, contributes more than 10% (Matsuno, 2001). 

A second major interest during the Edinburgh period was the nature of the reserve and structural polysaccharides of the marine algae. This work paralleled the establishment of the Institute of Seaweed Research at Musselburgh, near Edinburgh. Hirst was a member of the Board of Governors, and Chairman of the Research Committee. A full exchange... 

Vanadium is also an essential element for some marine macro-algae, such as the brown seaweed F. spiralus and the green seaweed Entero-morpha compressa. The growth yield of these marine algae is enhanced considerably (26) when vanadate is added to the culture medium, which consists of artificial seawater. Some seaweeds contain vanadium. A study of 70 seaweeds from Japanese coastal waters yielded vanadium contents ranging from 0.3 to 10.6 ppm on the basis of dry weight (27). 

---