Seat belt use

False. In the UK children under the age of 12 years, or below 135 cm in height, must be seated in an appropriate seat and wear an appropriate seat harness. A child over three years of age may travel unrestrained in the back of a car in which rear seat belts are not required to be fitted. In the USA, age limits for seat belt use vary between states. 

Risk is defined as a measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both the incident likelihood (probability) and the magnitude of the loss or injury (consequence) (AICHE/CCPS, Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, 2d ed., American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 2000, pp. 5-6). It is important that both likelihood and consequence be included in risk. For instance, seat belt use is based on a reduction in the consequences of an accident. However, many people argue against seat belts based on probabilities, which is an incorrect application of the risk concept. 

Percentage of seat belt use Medium Acceptable Objective... 

The dimension of road user behaviour is currently based on the percentage of seat belt use, and helmet use. Additional indicators that might be added, include the percentage of drivers above BAG Blood Alcohol Concentration and percentage of all drivers exceeding the speed limits. 

Road user - Percentage of front-seat belt use 0.0 100.0... 

Country Traffic Risk Personai Risk Vehicies not motorcycies (%) Paved Roads (% of total) Percentage of seat belts use (estimated) Percentage of helmets use (estimated) Urban population (% of total populatbn) GDP per capita Life expectancy at birth Severity Index Adult literacy (%) Human Development Index (HDI)... 

Notes 1. Xi, X2, X3.... Xu are the selected macro-indicators that used to calculate RSDI. 2. The first three indicators and Xio are derived from the ASNet database for ASEAN countries (which presented in Chapter 4), while the main source of data for these indicators in Sweden are the International Road Federation (IRF). 3. X4, X7, Xs, X9, Xu and HDI are taken from the latest Human Development Report 2004 and the World Development Indicators (WDI). For details, see httti //hdr.undp.org/2004/, http //www.worldbank.org/data/. 4. The source of X5 and Xe in ASEAN countries is ASNet database. In some cases, the ADB consultants estimated this data. For Sweden, X5 and Xe are taken from (Koornstra et al., 2002). 5. The seat belt use rates cover mostly the front-seat occupants only. 6. The GNP per capita is the GNP in current U.S. dollars as calculated by the United Nations and the World Bank. 

Conduct periodic inspections of drivers entering and leaving the yard to ensure proper seat belt use. 

Vehicle accidents, death from No seat belt use alcohol-impaired driving Seat belt use laws seat belt enforcement laws sobriety checkpoints reducing blood alcohol concentration to 0.08% minimum legal drinking age laws... 

Seat belt use grew slowly. Recent studies show that about 75-90% of automobile occupants wear seat belts. 

There is no accurate measure of the injuries and lives saved by seat belts, but it is likely in the hundreds of thousands. Adding seat belt warning displays and sounds encouraged seat belt use. 

Seat belt use has extended from automobiles to other vehicles. For example, operators of forklifts and airport tow tractors should wear seat belts to keep them inside the protected envelope surrounding the operator position. See Gase 15-1. 

There are a number of policy tools and practices that governments can use. There is legislation that dictates what can and cannot be done by drivers of motor vehicles (e.g., seat belt use, alcohol-impaired driving, and mobile phone use). In most cases, these... 

Seat belts restrain their wearers within the vehicle and, in the event of a collision, prevent or limit their contact with interior surfaces as well as with other occupants. Seat belts decrease the likelihood of serious injury or death by 40-50% (Cummins et ah, 2011 Evans, 1991). Because of their significant safety benefits, it has generally been concluded that the wearing of seat belts does not result in behavioural adaptation that would support a repeal of the seat belt laws (Hedlund, 2000 Levy and Miller, 2000 Mackay, 1985 Mackay et al 1982 Scott and Wallis, 1985). On the other hand, regulation and enforcement of seat belt laws have resulted in much more modest effects on traffic fatalities than initially forecast (Dee, 1998). This may be a result of the selective recruitment hypothesis (Evans, 1985), which posits that seat belt wearers are inherently more risk aversive than those people who choose not to wear seat belts, and, therefore, they have fewer violations and crashes. Therefore, if seat belt use is mandatory, the people who comply are already less likely to be involved in crashes than those who do not comply (Evans, 1985). Nevertheless, seat belt laws and their enforcement have resulted in major declines in fatalities and serious injuries. 

Soft Belts Similar to seat belts used to prevent falls from beds and wheelchairs. Safety Vest Provides more support in preventing falls from a chair or bed. 

Parada, M. A., L. D. Cohn, E. Gonzlez, T. Byrd d M. Cortes (2001). The validity of self-reported seat belt use Hispanic and non-Hispanic drivers in El Paso. Accid. Anal. Prev.,33, 139-143. 

StrefF, F. M. and A. C. Wagenaar (1989). Are there really shortcuts Estimating seat belt use with self-report measures. Accid, Anal Prev, 21,509-516. 

Mackay, M. (1985). Seat Belt Use Under Voluntary and Mandatory Conditions and Its Effects on Casualties. In Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (L. Evans and R. C. Schwing, eds.), pp. 259-277. Plenum Press, New York. 

Despite their effectiveness, in the absence of laws that require seat belts, meaningful sanctions for not wearing seat belts, and consistent enforcement, some people still do not buckle up. Different study methods, and studies conducted in different countries consistently identify the same characteristics of non-users. The two most common methods used to identify characteristics that distinguish between users and non-users of seat belts have been surveys or interviews and observations. Observations are more objective, but they reveal very little about the driver (gender, apparent age, and some measure of socio-economic status based on the car value). Surveys and interviews can probe a whole host of variables, but because of social desirability they yield higher percentages of seat belt use than direct observations (Parada et... 

Figure 10-5, Use of seat belts by car drivers and front seat passengers in Finland 1966-1995. Changes in front seat belt use rate as a function of change in belt laws and their enforcement (from WHO, 2004. Original source Seat-belts and child restraints increasing use and optimising performance. European Transport Safety Council, 1996 with permission of ETSC).

Seat belt use in the rear seats frequencies and implications... 

Colgan, F., A. Gospel, J. Petrie, J. Adams, P. Heywood and M. White (2004). Does rear seat belt use vary according to socioeconomic status J. Epidemiol Community Health, 58,929-930. 

Nakahara, S., T. Kawamura, M. Ichikawa and S. Wakai (2006). Mathematical models assuming selective recruitment fitted to data for driver mortality and seat belt use in Japan. Accid. Anal Prev., 38,175-184. 

Samples, A. M. B. (2004). Validity of self-reported data on seat belt use the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Ph.D. dissertation submitted to East Tennessee State University, Tennessee. 

Williams, A. F., J. K. Wells and C. M. Farmer (2002). Effectiveness of Ford s belt reminder system in increasing seat belt use. Inj. Prev., 8, 293-296. 

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