Search vehicle

The introductory chapter of this book identified four basic motivations for studying CA. The subsequent chapters have discussed a wide variety of CA models predicated on the first three of these four motivations namely, using CA as... (1) as powerful computational engines, (2) as discrete dynamical system simulators, and (3) as conceptual vehicles for studying general pattern formation and complexity. However, we have not yet presented any concrete examples of CA models predicated on the fourth-and arguably the deepest-motivation for studying CA as fundamental models of nature. A discussion of this fourth class of CA models is taken up in earnest in this chapter, whose narrative is woven around a search for an answer to the beisic speculative question, Is nature, at its core, a CA "... 

A search for compounds that might block the PCP cue found that many drugs failed to reverse PCP discrimination to the vehicle level. Table 4 lists alphabetically the results obtained with such compounds over the dose range tested, a few agents,... 

The Internet, for many professionals, has become a favorite, convenient source for free information. The Internet is a vehicle to access a diverse array of information sources, including federal and state government documents and regulations, statements, opinions and guidelines from associations and organizations, and pharmaceutical industry documents. While the Internet is indeed powerful, it is a retrieval mechanism and the WWW site itself is the resource to be considered for relevance to the current search. The convenience of WWW resources can be quickly overshadowed by the time invested in the search and following linkages. 

One can view samples from an explosion scene as belonging to one of two work streams (i) clean and (ii) dirty. Separation between these work streams needs to be established at the earliest possible moment in the process with appropriate laboratory facilities to handle each. The clean work stream contains items which are to be examined for invisible chemical traces of explosives. Such items need protection from any external contamination to a degree commensurate with the sensitivity of the chemical analysis techniques to be employed. The dirty work stream contains items that do not require trace analysis precautions, e.g., scene debris for physical searching. Nonetheless, such items still need to be handled in a way which protects their evidential integrity. Some items can start in the clean stream and then be transferred to the dirty stream, e.g., damaged motor vehicles may first be examined for explosive traces, and then transferred out of the trace examination area to be searched for physical evidence. 

Searches conduced outside the judicial process are per se unreasonable — subject to only a few specifically established imperative exceptions. Even if reasonable at inception, a search may violate the Fourth Amendment by how it is carried out. Recognized exceptions to this Amendment have been growing in breadth and number (i.e., motor vehicles, marine vessels, open fields, abandon property, plain view, evanescent evidence, electronic surveillance, national security electronic surveillance). 

Motor vehicles are subject to the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable search and seizure. The Supreme Court, has, however, created the... 

The jurisprudence of vehicle searches is fact dependent. Consequently, varying fact patterns may always lead to the same conclusion on the legality of a search. The exigencies of the situation and the strength of the officer s good-faith belief whether there is evidence of a crime, are integral to justification of the search at the time. 

Incident to a lawful arrest. Police have the power to search a vehicle after the driver or occupants are arrested [59]. 

Consent. Once a stop is made, the officer may request permission to search the vehicle. If permission is granted, the search is generally valid [61]. 

Investigatory stop. When poHce have reasonably reliable information from an informant that a vehicle was transporting contraband, they may perform a stop and search. Information that is vague or indirect, however, may not be used as a pretext. A valid stop based on traffic law violations such as, a missing license plate or a lack of lights, can institute a search [42, 62]. 

Inventory search. Once a vehicle is impounded, it can be searched in the ordinary course of police procedure to identify the contents as part of the... 

Regulatory search. Commercial vehicles are subject to more pervasive regulation than are private passenger vehicles. A search of a commercial vehicle can occur incident to a stop, to verify compHance with these extended regulations [64]. 

Immigration control. Authorities may stop vehicles and search them for illegal ahens in border control situations. However, the need for a warrant becomes greater the farther from the border where the search occurs [65]. 

Stop and frisk. If the officer reasonably beheves occupants of the vehicle are armed, a search can be initiated. A search can be justified on the basis of protecting the safety of the officer or the general public [66, 67]. 

Vehicle checkpoints. Searches incident to stops at vehicle checkpoints are vaHd, provided the checkpoint is vaHd. Checkpoints must evidence a reasonable, rational relationship to highway safety to be vaHd [68]. 

These laws have granted consistent authority through an act from the very first Congress [70]. On this basis, the Supreme Court has generally allowed searches of marine vessels without warrants due to marine vessels being easily transportable, and the lack of abihty to set up roadblocks at sea as on land [71, 72]. The analysis is not dissimilar to those of motor vehicles, as both ships and vehicles are instruments of transportation. 

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