Sea water, corrosion

Wilde, B. E., A Critical Appraisal of Some Popular Laboratory Electrochemical Tests for Predicting the Localised Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys in Sea-water , Corrosion, 28, 283 (1972)... 

Serious pitting may occur in the area of welds, particularly in sea-water. Corrosion rates of up to lOmm/y have been reported in weld joints of ice-breakers. The severe corrosion has been attributed to galvanic effects between the weld metal and the steel plate. The use of more noble electrodes for welding are reported to overcome this problem . 

Table 3.49 Sea-water corrosion/erosion test carried out at 8 m/s at 28° C for 60 d...

Addition of about 0 04% arsenic will inhibit dezincification of a brasses in most circumstances and arsenical a brasses can be considered immune to dezincification for most practical purposes . There are conditions of exposure in which dezincification of these materials has been observed, e.g. when exposed outdoors well away from the sea , or when immersed in pure water at high temperature and pressure, but trouble of this type rarely arises in practice. In other conditions, e.g. in polluted sea-water, corrosion can occur with copper redeposition away from the site of initial attack, but this is not truly dezincification, which, by definition, requires the metallic copper to be produced in situ. The work of Lucey goes far in explaining the mechanism by which arsenic prevents dezincification in a brasses, but not in a-/3 brasses (see also Section 1.6). An interesting observation is that the presence of a small impurity content of magnesium will prevent arsenic in a brass from having its usual inhibiting effect . 

LaQue, F. L., Marine Corrosion, Causes and Prevention, John Wiley Sons, New York (1975) Schumacher, M., Sea Water Corrosion Handbook, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J. (1979) Gilbert, P. T., Mater. Performance, 21 (2), 47 (1982)... 

Motojima, S., andKosaki, H., Resistivities Against Sea-Water Corrosion and Sea-Sand Abrasion of TiB2 Coated Copper Plates, J. Mater. Sci. Lett, 4(11) 1350-1352 (Nov., 1985)... 

Factors in Sea-Water Corrosion. The effects of temperature and salinity in sea water are believed to be similar to those found in salt water, discussed above. Good quantitative information is not yet readily available. 

The treatment of bilge water and emulsions resembles that of the treatment of oil field brines and produced water. Chen et al. [25], using ferric chloride and other chemicals to enhance the performance of Membralox 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 pm membranes, describe permeate fluxes between 1400 and 34001/m h. Without pretreatment however severe fouling occurred as well as break-through of oil. Zaidi et al. [26] report about the continuation of this work. They quote fluxes between 800 and 12001/m h, but also mention substantial lower fluxes in long term pilot tests using 0.8 pm membranes. In addition they indicate a drop in permeate flux caused by conditions of low pH, the presence of sea water, corrosion inhibitor, oil slugs or flow variations. 

Casings and heavy-duty terminal boxes are often made of cast iron or fabricated from thick steel plates. Occasionally cast bronze may be used, in services offshore where sea water corrosion may be a problem. In these cases the entry is usually threaded. The gland is screwed into the threaded hole. A washer may be required between the outer surface of the box and the gland, to satisfy the requirements for ingress of liquids and particles, and for the hazardous area. When Ex (d) glands are used with Ex (d) boxes it is necessary to ensure that the prescribed number of threads on the gland enter the hole. 

Gartland PO, Bardal E, Andersen RE, Johnsen R. Effects of flow on the cathodic protection of a steel cylinder in sea water. Corrosion, 40, 1984, March. 

Bai] Bailey, G.L., Copper-Nickel-Iron Alloys Resistant to Sea-Water Corrosion , J. Inst. Met., 79, 243-292 (1951) (Experimental, Magn. Prop., Meehan. Prop., Morphology, 22)... 

The system shown in Fig. 2.7 produces over 2000 N m3/h of nitrogen for inerting equipment on a North Sea production platform. Such systems must be constructed for operation under severe environment conditions, particularly ambient temperature extremes, ice loading, and sea-water corrosion. 

Corrosion can also be classified based on environments. For example, we can mention the following corrosion phenomena - atmospheric corrosion, fresh water corrosion, sea water corrosion, soil corrosion, high temperature corrosion, and gaseous corrosion. 

Sea water corrosion can be compared with fresh water corrosion. In the former, the water contains a lot of chloride ions and it accelerates the corrosion phenomenon very much. 

At the outset it was realized by the Group that a detailed and accurate prediction of radionuclide release rates was impossible, taking into account the small amount of information available and its accuracy and reliability. There were many factors that would be difficult, if not impossible, to model with any degree of confidence. It was assumed that the release of radionuclides from the dumped objects would be driven by sea water corrosion of the active material in the objects, but any further analysis quickly raised problems ... 

The fuel pins are assumed to be lying on top of the denser coolant, and their whole surface area is exposed and available for sea water corrosion. Thus, the fuel pin corrosion rate can be applied to calculate the activity release rate from the SNF in the SG, which will fall to zero 500 years after first contact with water, i.e., at D + 685 years. 

Standard Electromotive Force Potentials Galvanic Series of Metals Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water Corrosion... 

Sea water corrosion of stainless steels - mechanisms and experiences... 

The effect of velocity on the sea water corrosion behaviour of high performance ship materials... 

Vander Voort, G.F. (June 2007) Metallography Principles and Practice (Fourth Edition), ASM International, ISBN-10 0-87170-672-5, New York, United States Wilde, B.E. (1972) Critical Appraisal of some Popular Laboratory Electrochemical Tests for Predicting the Localized Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys in Sea Water. Corrosion, Vol. 28, pp. 283-291, ISSN 00109312... 

ILLIUM PD passes the ASTM B117 salt spray test. Sea water corrosion tests conducted for the U. S. Navy at Portsmouth resulted in no evidence of corrosive attack on specimens stressed at 55,000 to 75,000 psi for a period of six months. 

R. Johnsen and E. Bardal, Cathodic properties of different stainless steels in natural sea water. Corrosion 47 296-301 (1985). 

Ailor W.H., Flowing sea water corrosion potentials of aluminum alloys, NACE, paper no. 36, Houston, 1970. 

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