Sea Transportation Systems

The infrastructure that delivers oil from producers to consumers is vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Targeting a few specific points could shut down nearly the entire infrastructure, with devastating consequences. The pipeline, refining, and sea transport systems are particularly imperiled. The EIA recognizes seven major choke points in the oil transportation system Bab el-Mandab, the Bosporus/Turkish Straits, Druzhba pipeline in Russia, the Strait of Hormuz, the Strait of Malacca, the Suez Canal, and the Panama Canal. The most crucial of these would be the Strait of Hormuz, which, if closed, would divert 13 mbd to longer transport routes (EIA 2006c). 

Kraskowski M. 2009. CFD calculations of interactions during harbour manoeuvres of vessel Kolobrzeg. Research project N N509 293635 sponsored by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Safety of berthing of ships in the Motorway of the Sea transportation system , Gdynia Maritime Univesity. Technical report CTO SA. NO RH-2009/T-027. 

Aviation and sea transportation systems have become an important element of the global economy. Each year, over 1.6 billion passengers around the world use airlines for business and leisure travel and over 40% of the world trade of goods is carried by air from one place to another [1]. Furthermore, over 90% of the world s cargo is transported by merchant ships, and there are approximately 90,000 merchant ships in the world [2,3]. 

In regard to sea transportation systems, a modern ship comprises many systems/equipment/parts that require varying degrees of human intervention. About 80% of all accidents in the shipping industry are rooted in human error [7]. 

This chapter presents various important aspects of human error in aviation and sea transportation systems. 

If the third product problem arises, the most desirable solution Is adjustment of crude oil vapor pressure and/or gas dewpoints to eliminate the problem. This requires an integrated North Sea development system--oil transportation, gas transportation, and producing platform development. Transportation systems which permit this solution also will probably result in conservation of potentially valuable NGL component hydrocarbon raw materials which otherwise might not be economically recoverable. The next solution, If the volume of the third stream is small enough, is to utilize it for fuel on the... 

Snohvit will also be the first major development on the Norwegian continental shelf without support from a floating unit. A sub sea production system on the seabed will feed the land-based LNG plant via a 0.68 m ID, 160 km two-phase pipeline. In addition two chemical lines, an umbilical and a separate pipeline for the transport of carbon dioxide will be included. The unprocessed well stream from Snohvit is separated and the gas is treated and cooled to a temperature below the boiling point (-162 °C) to form LNG. This operation employs a large cold box (40 m high and a footprint of 15x17 meter). 

D.J. Mason, J. Li, P. Marjanovic, Numerical simulation of solids feeding in a gas-solids pneumatic transport system, Proceedings of the 3rd Israel Conference for Conveying and Handling of Particulate Solids, vol. 2, The Dead Sea, Israel, May 2000, pp. 10.93-10.101. 

Measurement of the enzyme activity of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS activity) has also been used to estimate denitrification rates in the Arabian Sea (Naqvi and Shail a, 1993) and eastern tropical South Pacific (Codispoti and Packard, 1980) denitrification zones. To measure the ETS activity a crude enzyme extract is made by grinding filtered seawater samples in a buffered medium to liberate the enzymes, after which the ETS substrates NADT1+ and NADPT1+ along with tetrazo-hum salt are added as an artificial electron acceptor. Samples are then incubated for a... 

Naqvi, S. W. A., and Shailaja, M. S. (1993). Activity of the respiratory electron transport system and respiration rates within the oxygen minimum layer of the Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Res. I. 40, 687-696. 

Membranes are dynamic structures in which proteins float in a sea of lipids. The lipid components of the membrane form the permeability barrier, and protein components act as a transport system of pumps and channels that endow the membrane with selective permeability. 

Shanks W. C. and Bischoff J. L. (1977) Ore transport and deposition in the Red Sea geothermal system a geochemical model. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 1507-1519. 

As commercial reprocessing increases, plutonium will be increasingly transported worldwide on virtually all the main transportation systems—road, rail, sea, and air. Plutonium is most vulnerable to theft while it is being transported. 

The transport system is based mainly on physical and acute hazards. The elements of this system are widely adopted for the purpose of transporting dangerous goods by sea, air, road, rail, and inland waterways. 

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