Schematic ternary phase diagram

Fig. 15.4 Schematic ternary-phase diagram of an oU-water-surfactant microemulsion system consisting of various associated microstructures. A, normal miceUes or O/W microemulsions B, reverse micelles or W/O microemulsions C, concentrated microemulsion domain D, liquid-crystal or gel phase. Shaded areas represent multiphase regions.

The coagulation process can now be considered in perspective of a ternary polymer-solvent-nonsolvent system, A schematic ternary phase diagram, at constant temperature, is shown in Figure 8. The boundaries of the isotropic and narrow biphasic (isotropic-nematic) regions are based on an extension of Flory s theory ( ) to a polymer-solvent-nonsolvent system, due to Russo and Miller (7). These boundaries are calculated for a polymer having an axial ratio of 100, and the following... 

Fig. 3.3 Schematic ternary phase diagram for the system ZnCl2-NH4CJ-H20 at room temperature...

Figure 6. Schematic ternary phase diagram of an oil-water-surfactant microemulsion system. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 63. Copyright 1988 M. Dekker.)...

Figure 9m3 Simplified schematic ternary phase diagram for the system Na20-Si02- H2O. Commercially important areas are shaded. (1) anhydrous NaiSiO- and its granular mixtures with NaOH ...

Figure 20.25. Schematic ternary phase diagrams of a mixed aqueous system of a polyelectrolyte and an oppositely charged surfactant in (a) the conventional and (b) alternative mixing planes. In the latter, it can be easily realized how the addition of water to a homogeneous mixed solution can lead to phase separation, with the concentrated phase becoming more and more concentrated as more water is added. (By courtesy of Lennart Piculell)...

Figure 1.9 Schematic ternary phase diagram of a polymer-fullerene-solvent system at constanttemperature Tand constant pressure p. The arrows indicate the direction of increasing concentration Csj, Cp and Cp, are the initial concentrations of solvent, polymer.

Fig. 6. Schematic ternary phase diagram with an alcohol a),...

FIGURE 11.3 Schematic ternary phase diagram of a polymer/solvent/nonsolvent during polymeric membrane formation. (Data from H. Strathmann and K. Kock, Desalination, 21, 241-255, 1977.)... 

Eig. 14. Schematic isobatic phase diagrams for ternary azeotropic mixtures, (a) Homogeneous Hquid phase at all boiling points (b) heterogeneous... 

Fig. 5 Ternary phase diagram for oil, water, and surfactant mixtures showing micellar, microemulsion, and multiphase macroemulsion regions with schematic representations of various structures.

Fig. 16.20 represents schematically the phase diagram of the ternary system acetic acid-f water-h chloroform. The pairs water + acetic acid and acetic acid -f chloroform, are completely miscible in all proportions, but water and chloroform are only partially miscible. The composition... 

As is evident in these paragraphs, the authors clearly are excited about the possibilities of processing with a single solvent that has the properties of many solvents. To explain the events that are occurring at various points in the propane-lube oil refining process, we first examine schematic P-T and ternary phase diagrams similar to the ones found in the original paper of Wilson and CO workers. 

Figure 14. Schematic isothermal section at 900 °C of the ternary phase diagram Ti Al-M with TiAI lobe I for M = Nb, Ta, Mo, or W and lobe II or III for M = V, Cr, or Mn area C marks the composition range of commercial interest (Kim and Dimiduk, 1991).

Fig. 6. Schematic pseudo-ternary phase diagrams showing lines along which permittivity and conductivity measurements were performed. (a) Type 1 experiments, p, constant (b) Type 2 experiments, p constant (c) Type 3 experiments, p constant.

Fig. 1.1.3 Schematic experimental setup for generation of ternary phase diagrams using the cloudpoint method (Redrawn with permission from Wang et al., 1999)...

Fig. 6. Schematic representation of ternary phase diagrams for the systems (a) polymer-solvent-non-solvent and (b) polymer-solvent-polymer.

Fig. 33. Schematic drawing of a ternary phase diagram for heterophase polymerizations (part of the ternary phase prism at constant temperature). / range for normal heterophase poljmierizations II range for heterophase polymerizations in lyotropic phases.

To determine complete ternary phase diagrams, in particular at a number of different temperatures, is a lengthy process, and has been carried out for only for a few systems. Rather, one often reduce the number of composition degrees of freedom by one and studies a planar section through the phase prism. The section defined by 0vv = 0o ( fish-cut ) is shown schematically in Figure 17.3. In this section, one can determine 7] and Tu and the minimum amount of surfactant necessary to solubilize equal amounts of water and oil, which we here denote as 0. The lower 0, then the more efficient is the surfactant. We see also that the microemulsion at higher surfactant concentrations is in equilibrium with a lamellar phase (L ), a typical feature of long-chain surfactants. 

Figure 3.18 Schematic of ternary phase diagrams for Winsor microemulsions. In the left-hand shaded area, the microemulsion is in equilibrium with excess water, and in the right-hand shaded area, the microemulsion is in equilibrium with excess oil...

We exemplify here the precipitation behavior of DNA with the addition of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) [36]. This is a surfactant with a relatively short alkyl chain, which allows for a rather fast equilibration of the samples also this surfactant forms a micellar solution up to relatively high surfactant concentrations [37]. Figure 10.5a shows a schematic representation of the ternary phase diagram. As expected, the aqueous mixture of DNA and cationic surfactant phase separates associatively into one dilute phase and one phase concentrated in both polyelectrolyte and surfactant, a precipitate. The electrostatic interactions... 

Fig. 3.2 Ternary phase diagram (schematic) of water-oil-surfactant mixtures showing Winsor classification and probable internal structures Lj, one-phase region of normal micelles or oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion L2. reverse micelles or water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions D, anisotropic lamellar liquid crystalline phase. Other symbols fie microemulsion O oil W water...

Schematic phase diagrams for binary mixtures of water with a strong amphiphile, and for ternary mixtures containing oil, water, and amphiphile, are shown in Fig. 3 (adapted from Refs. 7,8). Among the many interesting...

A schematic illustration of the method, and of the correlation between binary phase diagram and the one-phase layers formed in a diffusion couple, is shown in Fig. 2.42 adapted from Rhines (1956). The one-phase layers are separated by parallel straight interfaces, with fixed composition gaps, in a sequence dictated by the phase diagram. The absence, in a binary diffusion couple, of two-phase layers follows directly from the phase rule. In a ternary system, on the other hand (preparing for instance a diffusion couple between a block of a binary alloy and a piece of a third... 

Figure 8 A schematic phase diagram of a ternary system...

At this temperature the X-phase shows its maximum solid solution towards the Cu-rich portion of the system which diminishes above. However, with still increasing temperature, the X-phase solid solution width extends towards the Mo—S side, in particular towards MoS2 or sulfur, respectively. Figure 19 shows a schematic ternary T-X block diagram. To simplify the perspective drawing only a few isotherms are indicated. The extension of the whole solid solution width of the X-phase is projected on the base. Thus, the variation and the shifting of the temperature-dependent... 

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