STEP-technology

Basically, different techniques can be employed to optimally concentrate citrus oils distillative, extractive and chromatographic methods are available frequently combined multi-step technologies are used. However, cold procedures are apparently the first choice in citms oil processing (see chapter 2), if the following aspects are considered ... 

Table S. 1 gives economic data on the production of acetaldehyde by acetylene hydration and liquid phase oxidation of ethylene according to the Wacker-Hoechst (single-step and two-step) technologies.

Clean-up and use of low Btu gas from in-situ retorting is a particularly expensive operation. Cheaper "one-step" technologies are needed. Improved technology of this type would have a large impact. 

Development of New Two-Step Technology for Polyols Tapio Salmi, P ivi Mixki-Arvela, Johan Wama, Tiina-Kaisa Rantakyld, Valentina Serra-Holm, Janek Reinik, and Kari Erdnen... 

A new concept based on the use of solid catalysts for the production of two aldols, trimethylolpropane aldol and trimethylolethane aldol, was developed. The aldolization process is the fust step for the production of the triols, trimethylolpropane and trimethylolethane. In the second step, these triols are obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of the aldols. The two-step technology was patented (FI Pat. Appl. 991519) [12]. 

The developed two-step technology for the production of the triols is superior to the conventional technology, since the use of heterogeneous catalysts solves the catalyst separation problem and prevents the formation of a useless co-product, sodium formate. 

The fibers are usually round-shaped and their diameter can be set easily by adjusting the process parameters [25]. It is a single-step technology which means that fiber formation, drawing and the deposition of fibers (formation of textile structure) occur simultaneously and almost in the same place. Fibers are deposited randomly because of the stochastic nature of fiber formation. If the aim is to produce nanofibrous non woven mats, this method has the benefit of saving cost and time, and requires only a simple apparatus. 

The multisample analytical centrifuge (LUMiFuge, FUM, Berlin Germany) used in this study employs the STEP technology, which allows measurement of the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of time and position over the entire sample length simultaneously. A schematic of the multisample analytical centrifuge is shown in Fig. 2. 

Table 1 Granules Produced with Single-Step Technology in a High-Shear Granulator-Dryer... 

Fig. 9.31. The multi-step technology to produce geometrical structures...

Fig. 9.32. Scanning electron micrographs of a glass sample structured using the multi step technology left bed for an electromagnet coil right detail at higher magnification) [190]...

The multi-step technology is very versatile. However one should be aware... 

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