Scattering methods for

T. Uno and S. Adachi, Inverse scattering method for one-dimensional inhomogeneous layered media, 1987, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 35, pp. 1456-1466. 

Table 5. Diffraction and Scattering Methods for Surface Structure and Composition ...

Xiang, T.-X. Anderson, B. D., Development of a combined NMR paramagnetic ion-induced line-broadening dynamic light scattering method for permeability measurements across lipid bilayer membranes, J. Pharm. Sci. 84, 1308-1315 (1995). 

In contrast to osmotic pressure, light-scattering measurements become easier as the particle size increases. For spherical particles the upper limit of applicability of the Debye equation is a particle diameter of c. A/20 (i.e. 20-25 nm for A0 600 nm or Awater 450 nm or a relative molecular mass of the order of 10 ). For asymmetric particles this upper limit is lower. However, by modification of the theory, much larger particles can also be studied by light scattering methods. For polydispersed systems a mass-average relative molecular mass is given. 

The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the crystals in KBr pellet exhibited specific curves in the region between 300-600 nm, which were mirror images designated as (+) and (-) at the wavelength of 470 nm. The monothioimide 39 has no chiral center however, the absolute structure of the chiral conformation in the chiral crystal could be established by the X-ray anomalous scattering method for the refinement of Roger s parameter. The absolute structure of the chiral conformation of (P)-39 corresponds to (-)-crystal in the solid-state CD spectra (Figure 3). 

Kaye, B.H. Characterization of Powders and Aerosols Wiley-VCH Weinheim, 1999. The Use of Fourier Techniques to Characterize the Shape of Profiles in Ch. 2, Direct Measurement of Larger Fineparticles and the Use of Image Analysis Systems to Characterize Fineparticles, 21-58, and Ch. 7, Light Scattering Methods for Characterizing Fineparticles, 205-232. 

Recently,with respect to the importance of particle size distribution in terms of particle characterization and product physical stability testing, there has been interest in newer light-scattering methods for particle detection called photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). PCS methods can be applied to both micro-and nanosuspensions. 

Mantovani F, Grassi M, Colombo I, Lapasin R. A combination of vapor sorption and dynamic laser light scattering methods for the determination of the Flory parameter chi and the crosslink density of a powdered polymeric gel. Fluid Phase Equilib 2000 167(1) 63— 81. 

In polymer science, an understanding of the relationship between microscopic structure and macroscopic properties is essential for an intelligent design of new improved materials. In this section, we present some case studies that illustrate the role which solid-state NMR can play with regard to the determination of the microscopic structure. It is first necessary to consider how solid-state NMR relates to other methods for structural determination, in particular the established scattering methods. For solids, for which a single crystal of suitable size can be obtained, the ability of X-ray or neutron diffraction methods to determine the complete three-dimensional structure with atomic resolution cannot be matched. 

Scattering methods for structure determination rely upon the availability of crystalline samples. On the other hand, NMR can make use of samples which have an isotropic orientation distribution and/or amorphous structures. This greater range of sample possibilities not only makes NMR applicable to studies of biomolecular structure with different macroscopic properties but also raises opportunities for different experimental procedures leading to increased amounts of structural information. However, attention must always be paid to the effect sample preparation may have on the conformation of the protein molecules relative to the naturally occurring strncmre. 

RESONANCE RAYLEIGH SCATTERING METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ALGINIC SODIUM DIESTER WITH METHYLENE BLUE... 

Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Method for Alginic Sodium Diester Determination 403... 

First-order difference neutron scattering methods for the analysis of concentrated solutions of anions and... 

PMMA/ABS In blends of PMMA and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers, there is a critical composition of the SAN, at approximately 28 wt % acrylonitrile, that marks the transformation fix>m miscibility to immiscibility with PMMA. Confirmation of this behavior is provided by the curves presented in Figure la for blends involving SAN containing 25 wt % and 30 wt % AN, respectively, obtained by conventional d.s.c. The matrix of ABS would be expected to behave in a similar manner. However, the presence of the strongly scattering polybutadiene dispersed phase in the ABS excludes optical scattering methods for the determination of phase... 

Quirantes A, Bernard S Light-scattering methods for modelling algal particles as a collection of coated and/or nonspherical scatterers, J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 100(1-3) 315—324, 2006. 

Cebe P, Lowry L, Chung S, Use of scattering methods for characterization of morphology in semi-crystalline thermoplastics, SPE 47 ANTEC, 1989. 

D. Padowitz, K. PeterUnz, and S. J. Sibener, New modulated molecular beam scattering methods for probing nonlinear and coverage-dependent reaction kinetics at surfaces, Langmuir, vol. 7, pp. 2566-2573, 1991. 

It is also common for pol3rmeric compoimds to form surface regions with compositions different from the bulk material, by selective diffusion of components. This process is termed blooming when the surface component is solid, and bleeding if it is liquid. Sulfur and fatty acid blooms can inhibit adhesion in rubber laminates (3). Laser desorption mass spectroscopy has been employed to identify surface species on vulcanized rubber (4). X-ray scattering methods for the study of polymer surfaces and interfaces have been reviewed (5). Other surface analysis techniques commonly used with polymers include attenuated total reflectance (6-8), electron microprobe (9), Auger electron spectroscopy (10), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (11), and scanning probe microscopic methods (12). Overviews on polymer surface analysis have been published (13,14). 

Scattering Methods for the Study of Static and Dynamic Properties... 

Liu, S., Chen, Y., Liu, Z., Hu, X., and Wang F., 2006. A highly sensitive resonance Rayleigh scattering method for the determination of vitamin Bi with gold nanoparticles probe. Microchimica Acta. 154 87-93. 

Virgona N, Taki Y, UmegaM K (2010) A rapid HPLC with evaporative light scattering method for quantification of forskolin in multi-herbal weight-loss solid oral dosage forms. Pharmazie 65(5) 322-326. doi 10.1691/ph.2010.9346... 

---