Scanning tunneling microscopic

The development of scanning probe microscopies and x-ray reflectivity (see Chapter VIII) has allowed molecular-level characterization of the structure of the electrode surface after electrochemical reactions [145]. In particular, the important role of adsorbates in determining the state of an electrode surface is illustrated by scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) images of gold (III) surfaces in the presence and absence of chloride ions [153]. Electrodeposition of one metal on another can also be measured via x-ray diffraction [154]. 

Fig. VIII-1. Schematic illustration of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). (From Ref. 9.)...

Marrian C R K, Perkins F K, Brandow S L, Koloski T S, Dobisz E A and Calvert J M 1994 Low voltage electron beam lithography in self-assembled ultrathin films with the scanning tunneling microscope Appi. Rhys. Lett. 64 390... 

Stroscio J A and Eigler D M 1991 Atomic and molecular manipulation with the scanning tunneling microscope Science 254 319... 

Eigler D M and Schweizer E K 1990 Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope Nature 344 524... 

Moffat T P, Fan FRF and Bard A 1991 Electrochemical and scanning tunneling microscopic study of dealloying of CUjAu J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 3224... 

Figure Bl.19.2. The two modes of operation for scanning tunnelling microscopes (a) constant current and (b) constant height. (Taken from [214], figure 1.)...

McIntyre B J, Salmeron M and Somorjai G A 1993 A variable pressure/temperature scanning tunnelling microscope for surface science and catalysis studies Rev. Sc/. Instrum. 64 687... 

Hamers R, Avouris P and Boszo F 1987 Imaging of chemical-bond formation with the scanning tunnelling microscope NH, dissociation on Si(OOI) Rhys. Rev. Lett. 59 2071... 

Jaklevic R C and Elie L 1988 Scanning-tunnelling-microscope observation of surface diffusion on an atomic scale Au on Au(111) Rhys. Rev. Lett. 60 120... 

Weiss P S and Eigler D M 1993 Site dependence of the apparent shape of a molecule in scanning tunnelling microscope images benzene on Pt(111) Rhys. Rev. Lett. 71 3139... 

Tang S L, McGhie A J and Suna A 1993 Molecular-resolution imaging of insulating macromolecules with the scanning tunnelling microscope via a nontunnelling, electric-field-induced mechanism Phys. Rev. B 47 3850... 

Maaloum M, Chretien D, Karsenti E and FIdrber J K FI 1994 Approaching microtubule structure with the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) J. Ceii Sc/. 107 part II 3127... 

Sharp S L, Warmack R J, Goudonnet J P, Lee I and Ferrell T L 1993 Spectroscopy and imaging using the photon scanning-tunnelling microscope Acc. Chem. Res. 26 377... 

Fisher A J and Bldchl P E 1993 Adsorption and scanning-tunneling-microscope Imaging of benzene on graphite and M0S2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 3263-6... 

Figure C3.2.3. Schematic view of a scanning tunnelling microscope. From Chen C J 1993 Introduction to Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (Oxford Oxford University Press).

Fig. 4. Atom manipulation by the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Once the STM tip has located the adsorbate atom, the tip is lowered such that the attractive interaction between the tip and the adsorbate is sufficient to keep the adsorbate "tethered" to the tip. The tip is then moved to the desired location on the surface and withdrawn, leaving the adsorbate atom bound to the surface at a new location. The figure schematically depicts the use of this process in the formation of a "quantum corral" of 48 Fe atoms arranged in a circle of about 14.3 nm diameter on a Cu(lll) surface at 4 K.

Newer techniques that are responding to the need for atomic level imaging and chemical analysis include scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs), atomic force microscopes (AFMs) (52), and focused ion beams (FIBs). These are expected to quickly pass from laboratory-scale use to in-line monitoring apphcations for 200-mm wafers (32). 

Scanning Tunneling Microscope Scannii Probe Microscopy... 

This slow diffusion of a crucial new technique can be compared with the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) by Binnig and Rohrer, first made public in 1983, like X-ray diffraction rewarded with the Nobel Prize 3 years later, but unlike X-ray diffraction quickly adopted throughout the world. That invention, of comparable importance to the discoveries of 1912,now(2 decades later) has sprouted numerous variants and has virtually created a new branch of surface science. With it, investigators can not only see individual surface atoms but they can also manipulate atoms singly (Eigler and Schweitzer 1990). This rapid adoption of... 

Figure 11.1. Scanning tunnelling microscope image of a periodic array of Fe islands nucleated on the regular dislocation network of a Cu bilayer deposited on a platinum (111) face (after Urune...

The bundle of MWCNT can be released in ultrasonic cleaner using ethanol as the solvent. The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) image of thus released MWCNT is shown in Fig. 2. 

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