Scanning electron microscopy nanofibers

Fig. 2 Shape and structure of BC. a molecular cellulose chain, b scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of freeze-dried nanofiber network (magnification 10000), c pellicle of bacterial nanocellulose from common static culture...

F. Hang, et al.. In situ tensile testing of nanofibers by combining atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Nanotechnology 22 (36) (2011) 365708. 

Products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and broadband dielectric/impedance spectroscopy (BDS). New absorption bands were observed corresponding to the conjugated pol5mieric units by FTIR-ATR and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The influence of concentration of PEDOT-PSS and PEDOT on the composite electrospun nanofibers was studied by EIS. Morphologies of electrospun nanofibers were also investigated by SEM. 

Scanning electron microscopy images of commercial-P(3HB) nanofiber spun from l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) solution with a polymer concentration ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 wt% are shown in Pig. 1 la (Ishii et al. 2007). Whereas the nanofiber spun from 2.5 wt% solution had an average diameter of 560 nm, nanofibers spun from 1 and 0.5 wt% solutions had average diameters of 350 and 280 nm, respectively. This result indicates that the diameter of nanofibers can be controlled by the concentration of the polymers. 

Fig. 11 a Scanning electron microscopy images, b WAXD profiles before and after partial enzymatic degradation, and c transmission electron microscopy image and electron diffraction pattern (inset) of P(3HB) nanofiber. (Reprinted with permission from Ishii et al. 2007. Copyright 2007, Elsevier B.V.)... 

Figure 14 shows the scanning electron microscopy image of partially enzymatically hydrolyzed P(3HB) nanofibers spun from 1 wt% HFIP solution (Ishii et al. 2007). In contrast to the smooth surface of nanofibers before enzymatic treatment... 

The morphology can be controlled using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/PPV precursor polymers [153,154]. The morphology of fibers can be characterized by scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence spectra of PVA/PPV nanofibers and of composite nanofibers made from PPV/MEH-PPV exhibit an appreciable blue-shift, a stronger intensity of fluorescence, and a higher surface photovoltage in comparison to bulk material [154,155],... 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the very useful microscopic methods for the morphological and structural analysis of materials. Larena et al. classified nanopolymers into three groups (1) self-assembled nanostructures (lamellar, lamellar-within-spherical, lamellar-within-cylinder, lamellar-within-lamellar, cylinder within-lamellar, spherical-within-lamellar, and colloidal particles with block copolymers), (2) non-self-assembled nanostructures (dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, polymer brushes, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanocapsules, porous materials, and nano-objects), and (3) number of nanoscale dimensions [uD 1 nD (thin films), 2 nD (nanofibers, nanotubes, nanostructures on polymeric surfaces), and 3 nD (nanospheres, nanocapsules, dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, self-assembled structures, porous materials, nano-objects)] [153]. Most of the polymer blends are immiscible, thermodynamically incompatible, and exhibit multiphase structures depending on the composition and viscosity ratio. They have two types of phase morphology sea-island structure (one phase are dispersed in the matrix in the form of isolated droplets, rods, or platelets) and co-continuous structure (usually formed in dual blends). 

Several synthetic methods for preparing PEDOT nanoparticles have been reported including seed polymerization, emulsion polymerization and dispersion polymerization. There have been several reports related to PEDOT-coated particles and PEDOT hollow particles [43, 44], Dispersion polymerization has been applied for PEDOT-coated Polystyrene (PS) particle fabrication. lOOnm PS nanoparticles were used as the core material [44]. Poly aniline (PANi) nanofibers have been synthesized using interfacial polymerization without templates or functional dopants [45,46]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of PANi nanofibers are shown in Figure 14.3. 

Figure 1.3 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of electro-spun nanofibers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on a human hair. 

Figure 7.6 Thermogravimetric analysis of pure PU (a) and metalized hybrid PU nanofibers with diflferent copper layers of 10 (b), 50 (c), and 100 nm (d). A heating rate of 208C/min was placed to samples in a nitrogen environment. The inset shows field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) image at higher magnification of metalized hybrid nanofiber with the copper layer of 100 nm. Reprint with permission of Willey [144],...

The diameter, dispersion, and porosity of the electrospun nanofibers were examined by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM samples were prepared by mounting the nanofiber mat on the SEM stubs and coating with platinum for 300 s to make them conductive. The images obtained by SEM are shown in Figure 8.18. 

Figure 6.2 Scanning electron microscopy images of bioactive glass nanofibers, (a) Prepared by electrospinning of a sol as electrospun fibers (b) After calcination at 600°C ...

The properties of developed electrospun nanofibers are key issues for then-applications in industry. Here, the structure and morphology of the nanofibers were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. X-ray powder diffraction, and their electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and magnetic property were also evaluated for electromagnetic shielding applications. 

Besides the conditions of acid hydrolysis, the morphology and dimensions of the NCC also depend on the source from which they were extracted. Some of the main techniques used in the investigation of size and/or morphology of these nanofibers are dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy with a field emission gun (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) [22,25,67,68,69]. 

FIGURE 2.3 Scanning electron microscopy image of electrospun polymer, poly(acrylonitrile) nonwoven nanofiber mat produced by electrospinning. 

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