Particle fabrication

Paunov VN, Cayre OJ. Supraparticles and Janus particles fabricated by replication of particle monolayers at liquid surfaces using a gel trapping technique. Adv Mater 2004 16 788-791. 

Chuistov K.V., Shpak A.P., Perekos A.E., Rud A.D., Uvarov V.N. (2003) The small metallic particles fabrication methods, atomic and electronic structure, magnetic properties and practical applications, Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov 4, 235-270 (in Russian). 

Pulsed laser ablation of metal samples in liquid environments by combination (in coincidence or in sequence) of two laser beams at different wavelengths has been examined in order to clarify a possibility of formation of size-selected metal nanoparticles. It has been shown that dual laser ablation technique in transparent liquids is suitable for fabrication of nanoparticles of metals where the size of particles can be controlled. The mean diameter of silver particles fabricated in water was typically in the range of 15-20 nm. 

Transmission electron microscopy of the Ag particles fabricated by laser ablation in distilled water indicates t t the average size of the particles is 20 nm with an asymmetrical distribution of sizes ranging from approximately 15 to 45 nm. Detailed characterization of the colloids by electron microscopy is currently in progress. 

Hsu MF, Nikolaides MG, Dinsmore AD et al (2005) Self-assembled shells composed of colloidal particles fabrication and characterization. Langmuir 21(7) 2963-2970... 

FIGURE 22.12 Electrospray source with chamber facility. (Reprinted from J. Aerosol Sci., 39, Yao, J., Lim, L.K., Xie, I, Hua, J., and Wang, C.-H., Characterization of electrospraying process for polymeric particle fabrication, 987-1002, Copyright 2008, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Fabrication Precision particle fabrication (PPF) technique has been widely used in fabrication of double-walled microspheres with unprecedented control of the particle size and morphology. The two polymeric solutions are passed through a coaxial nozzle to produce a jet of core surrounded by an annular stream of outer polymer and disrupted into uniform double-walled droplets by an ultrasonic transducer controlled by a frequency generator. 

Several reports related to PEDOT-coated particles and PEDOT hollow particles have been pronounced in the literature [359,360]. Dispersion polymerization has been applied for PEDOT-coated PS particles fabrication. 100 nm PS nanoparticle was used as the core material [359]. hi order to improve the stability of the PS particle, DBSA was used as the surfactant. It was presumed that hydrophobic alkyl chains of the surfactant were positioned towards the surface of PS particles and the sulfonic acid group toward the water phase. EDOT monomer was adsorbed on the surface of the PS nanosphere and polymerization was initiated by the addition of the APS oxidant. PS-PEDOT core-shell structure was distinctively visualized by TEM. The doped PEDOT shell had a higher electron density than the PS core and the thickness of the PEDOT shell was ca. 8 nm. 

Lee YH, Mei F, Bai MY et al (2010) Release profile characteristics of biodegradable-polymer-coated drug particles fabricated by dual-capillary electrospray. J Control Release 145 58-65... 

Godin B, Chiappini C, Srinivasan S, Alexander JF, Yokoi K, Ferrari M, Decuzzi P, Liu X (2012) Discoidal porous silicon particles fabrication and biodistribution in breast cancer bearing mice. Adv Funct Mater 22(20) 4225 235... 

Figure 11. SEM images of porous PI particles fabricated using LiCl as a porogen [14]. Content of LiCl (relative to PAA) in the NMP solution (a) 5, (b) 10, (c) 20 wt%.

Several synthetic methods for preparing PEDOT nanoparticles have been reported including seed polymerization, emulsion polymerization and dispersion polymerization. There have been several reports related to PEDOT-coated particles and PEDOT hollow particles [43, 44], Dispersion polymerization has been applied for PEDOT-coated Polystyrene (PS) particle fabrication. lOOnm PS nanoparticles were used as the core material [44]. Poly aniline (PANi) nanofibers have been synthesized using interfacial polymerization without templates or functional dopants [45,46]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of PANi nanofibers are shown in Figure 14.3. 

Fig. 18.52 Illustration of multiscale modelling of composite-particle fabrication in spray atomization process (a) particle-droplet mixing, (b) particle-droplet collision, and (c) particle penetration into droplet...

Mokofeng, T.G., Luyt, A.S., Pavlovic, V.P., Pavlovic, V.B., Dudic, D., Vlahovic, B., Djokovic, V., 2014. Ferroelectric nanocomposites of polyvinylidene fluoride/polymethyl methacrylate blend and BaTi03 particles fabrication of beta-crystal polymorph rich matrix through mechanical activation of the filler. Journal of Applied Physics 115, 084109. 

Wang, F., Guo, C., Yang, L. R,and Liu, C. Z. (2010). Magnetic mesoporous silica nano-particles Fabrication and their laccase immobilization performance. Biores. TechnoL, 101,8931-8935. 

Figure 4.3 Typical TEM image of PMMA latex particles fabricated by soap-free emulsion polymerization.

When the polymerization is complete, PMMA latex particles will form in a uniform size. Figure 4.3 shows the typical TEM images of PMMA latex particles fabricated by soap-free emulsion polymerization. The particle size is about 250 nm on average. The sulfate ionic groups on the surface of PMMA latex particles prevent them from aggregation. Because the Jg of PMMA is 100 °C, they will not form a film after casting and drying. However, the Eg of PMMA can be lowered by copolymerization with PMA so that cast films are able to form. ... 

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