Scanning electron microscopy and

R. E. Lee, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. 

E. Lifshin. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Analysis. Plenum Press, New York, 1981. Developed from a short course held aimually at Lehigh University. The book is concerned with the use and applications of SEM. In the latter context a lengthy discussion of EDS is given. The discussion... 

To ensure quality control material suppliers and developers routinely measure such complex properties as molecular weight and its distribution, crystallinity and crystalline lattice geometry, and detailed fracture characteristics (Chapter 6). They use complex, specialized tests such as gel permeation chromatography (2, 3), wide- and narrow-angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high-temperature pressurized solvent reaction tests to develop new polymers and plastics applications. 

Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Ecklin P, Joy DG, Fiori G, Lipshin E (1981) Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis, Plenum, New York... 

Scanning electron microscopy and replication techniques provide information concerning the outer surfaces of the sample only. Accurate electron microprobe analyses require smooth surfaces. To use these techniques profitably, it is therefore necessary to incorporate these requirements into the experimental design, since the interfaces of interest are often below the external particle boundary. To investigate the zones of interest, two general approaches to sample preparation have been used. 

The explanted devices were also examined by scanning electron microscopy and the results shown in Fig. 21 (18). The pictures clearly show a progressive diminution of a central uneroded zone and the development of voids around the periphery of the rod-shaped device. The presence of voids suggest that once erosion starts, generation of hydrophilic degradation products at that location accelerates further polymer hydrolysis. 

In this paper, TiCU was oxidized in the flow reactor at various temperature and gas flow rate. The wall scales were characterized by scan electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of reactor wall surface state, radial growth of scale layer and reactor axial temperature distribution on scaling formation were discussed. At the same time, the mechanism of scaling on the reactor wall was explored furthermore. 

A number of techniques have been employed that are capable of giving information about amorphous phases. These include infrared spectroscopy, especially the use of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) or Fourier transform (FT) techniques. They also include electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Nor are wet chemical methods to be neglected for they, too, form part of the armoury of methods that have been used to elucidate the chemistry and microstructure of these materials. 

Side stream sampling devices can be used to collect biofilm and corrosion samples. The biofilm, inorganic passive layers, and metal attacked samples can be characterized with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive... 

Structural changes on the whey proteins from the effect of extrusion cooking were examined by scanning electron microscopy and TEM. Changes in the microstructure of WPI (Pig. 5.3) show the transition from... 

Trotier D., Dpving K., Ore K. and Shalchian-Tabrizi C. (1998). Scanning electron microscopy and gramicidin patch clamp recordings of microvillous receptor neurons dissociated from the rat vomeronasal organ. Chem Senses 23, 49-57. 

Analytical studies, using scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe techniques (see Textbox 10), revealed that the mixture used for making this particular type of ceramic material consists mainly of clay, comminuted... 

Newbury, D. (1986), Advances in Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Micro Analysis, Plenum, New York. 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis Principles of Electroanalytical Methods Potentiometry and Ion Selective Electrodes Polarography and Other Voltammetric Methods Radiochemical Methods Clinical Specimens Diagnostic Enzymology Quantitative Bioassay... 

Scanning electron microscopy and other experimental methods indicate that the void spaces in a typical catalyst particle are not uniform in size, shape, or length. Moreover, they are often highly interconnected. Because of the complexities of most common pore structures, detailed mathematical descriptions of the void structure are not available. Moreover, because of other uncertainties involved in the design of catalytic reactors, the use of elaborate quantitative models of catalyst pore structures is not warranted. What is required, however, is a model that allows one to take into account the rates of diffusion of reactant and product species through the void spaces. Many of the models in common use simulate the void regions as cylindrical pores for such models a knowledge of the distribution of pore radii and the volumes associated therewith is required. 

Fig. 9.2. Cuticle collagen and morphological mutants of C. elegans. A selection of adult-stage C. elegans morphological mutants were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the wild-type N2 strain. Mutant alleles depicted are dpy, dumpy rot, roller Ion, long bli, blister. Scale bar represents...

Tg (-22 °C) of a homogeneous 70/30 PNIPAM-water mixture. Observation of samples by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy revealed that the morphology of the polymer-rich phase is preserved only if the polymer solutions are brought to zone C. Polymer solutions heated to zone B undergo demixing upon quench-cooling [160]. Aqueous solutions of PVCL, PNIPMAM, and PNIPMA exhibit similar behaviour [157,158,369,370]. 

Lindner et al. carried out detailed studies on the use of the sol-gel procedure to obtain new materials as suitable matrices [45]. A co-condensation of Si(OR)4, Si(OR)3-spacer-Si(OR)3 and Si(OR)3-spacer-ligand resulted in new hybrid materials, the properties of which strongly depended upon the spacer and the ratio of the different components used. Most of these materials were characterised with IR, EXAFS, and EDX spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and solid state NMR spectroscopy. Solid state 31P NMR was used to quantify the mobility of the interphases the changes in line-... 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Extreme FESEM in Catalysis. 195... 

VI. Recent Advances in Ultra-High Resolution, Low-Voltage Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Extreme FESEM in Catalysis... 

Goldstein JI. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis A Textfor Biologists, Material Scientists and Geologists, Plenum Press, New York, 1981. 

L.M. Do, E.H. Han, Y. Niidome, and M. Fujihira, Observation of degradation processes of A1 electrodes in organic electroluminescence devices by electroluminescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys., 76 5118-5121, 1994. 

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