Saturation volumes

Saturation (v) is the volume fraction of the total void volume occupied by a specific fluid at a point. Saturation values can vary from zero to 1 with the saturation of all fluids equal to 1. Residual saturation (Sr) is the saturation at which the NAPL becomes discontinuous and immobile due to capillary forces. Residual saturation is dependent upon many factors, including pore size distribution, wettability, fluid viscosity and density ratios, interfacial surface tension, gravity and buoyancy forces, and hydraulic gradients. 

The residual saturation capacity of soil is generally about one third of its waterholding capacity. Immobilization of a certain mass of hydrocarbon is dependent upon soil porosity and physical characteristics of the product. The volume of soil required to immobilize a volume of liquid hydrocarbon can be estimated as follows  

The maximum depth of liquid hydrocarbon penetration into the unsaturated zone can be estimated by the following equations  

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The subsequent literature shows the rule to be generally valid, within a few pet cent, amongst systems which give Typje IV isotherms in the typical example of Table 3.1, the data refer to adsorptives differing widely in their physical and chemical properties, yet the deviation of the saturation volume y, from the mean is within 6 per cent. 

Saturated volume is the humid volume when the air is saturated. 

Saturated volume is the volume in cubic feet of 1 lb of dry air when it is saturated with water vapor that is, it is the humid volume at saturation, and is determined by the temperature and pressure. The humid volume of air equals the product of its saturated volume at its dew point and the ratio of the absolute temperature of the air to the absolute temperature of its dew point. 

Figure 28 shows the key features of the humidity chart. The chart consists of the following four parameters plotted as ordinates against temperature on the abscissas (1) Humidity H, as pounds of water per pound of dry air, for air of various relative humidities (2) Specific volume, as cubic feet of dry air per pound of dry air (3) Saturated volume in units of cubic feet of saturated mixture per pound of dry air and (4) latent heat of vaporization (r) in units of Btu per pound of water vaporized. The chart also shows plotted hiunid heat (s) as abscissa versus the humidity (H) as ordinates, and adiabatic humidification curves (i.e., humidity versus temperature). Figure 28 represents mixtures of dry air and water vapor, whereby the total pressure of the mixture is taken as normal barometric. Defining the actual pressure of the water vapor in the mixture as p (in units of mm of mercury), the pressure of the dry air is simply 760 - p. The molal ratio of water vapor to air is p/(760-p), and hence the mass ratio is ... 

As defined earlier, the saturated volume is on a basis of 1 lb of dry air, and equals the sum of the specific volume of the dry air plus the volume of the water vapor... 

The saturated volume at 100 F is then 14.09+0.97 = 15.06. A eurve of sueh values is shown in Figure 28. Sinee humid volume is defined as the volume of any mixture, expressed as eubic feet of mixture per pound of dry air, and since both the specific and saturated values are on the basis of 1 lb of dry air, the humid volume for any humidity may be obtained directly by interpolation between the curves for specific and saturated volumes. 

Reciprocal order of the adsorption Peclet number per unit volume of voids Fractional saturation, volume of liquid Time... 

Using a recent equation of state of the van der Waals type developed to describe non-polar components, a model is presented which considers water as a mixture of monomers and a limited number of polymers formed by association. The parameters of the model are determined so as to describe the pure-component properties (vapour pressure, saturated volumes of both phases) of water and the phase equilibria (vapour-liquid and/or liquid-liquid) for binary systems with water including selected hydrocarbons and inorganic gases. The results obtained are satisfactory for a considerable variety of different types of system over a wide range of pressure and temperature. 

Saturated volume is the volume of unit mass of dry air, together with the water vapour required to saturate it. 

The diagonal lines that run upward and to the left of the saturation curve in Figure 2.5 are referred to as adiabatic cooling curves. Lines for the specific volume of dry air and the saturated volume are also shown. Coordinates of points on these lines are computed by use of Equation 2.38. The humid volume of unsaturated air can be determined by linear interpolation between the two lines, based on percentage humidity. 

Derive" the equations for saturated volume, humid heat and the adiabatic cooling lines for the psychrometric chart. 

Table VI. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Saturates (volume %)...

Even if no data are available, there are a number of techniques for estimating specific volumes or densities of pure liquid. An equation to estimate saturated volumes that was developed by Rackett and later modified by Spencer and Danner (15) is as follows ... 

Find the humid volume. Erect a perpendicular through the abscissa (along the bottom of the graph) that corresponds to 130°F, the dry bulb temperature. Label the intersection of this perpendicular with the saturated-volume-versus-temperature line as point D, and the intersection of the perpendicular with the specific-volume-dry-air-versus-temperature line as point E. Then, along line ED, find point F by moving upward from point by a distance equal to... 

Saturated volume v. Humid volume when the air is saturated. Terms related to heat balances are as follows ... 

Since the waste water is spread over a 70 m area, the depth of phosphate penetration below the surface is determined by dividing the phosphate-saturated volume of soil by the disposal area ... 

The saturated volumes Vy and in Equation (4.468) are solved in the RK eos. Equation (4.467), at the vapor pressure, which makes the equation implicit. The equation can be readily solved for the saturated pressure by repeated substitution. Agreement with vapor pressure is quahtative at best. 

This equation is implicit in fly, inasmuch as the saturated volumes are dependent on fly, but the equation can be readily solved, for instance, by the method of repeated substitution. By using the solved value of fly in the eos. Equation (4.162), the vapor pressure calculated by the eos simply reproduces the experimental vapor pressure data. Wilson correlated the fly s that are fitted to vapor pressure data of a number of normal fluids to obtain Equation (4.157), the Wilson eos. Vapor pressure calculated by the Wilson eos is improved over that of the RK eos, but the accuracy still leaves something to be desired. Soave correlated the vapor pressure, fitting fly with Equation (4.164). Even better, the Soave eos is useful for the quantitative calculation of vapor pressure. In addition, the Peng-Robinson and the chain-of-rotators eos s provide quantitative calculations of vapor pressure. 

Residual saturation = volume fraction of void space occupied by displaced fluid when displaced fluid stops moving... 

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