Saturated mixture

Figure 3-6. Fugacity coefficients for saturated mixtures containing two carboxylic acids formic acid (1) and acetic...

Figure 3-7. Fugacity coefficients for a saturated mixture of propionic acid (1) and raethylisobutylketone (2). Calculations based on chemical method show large variations from ideal behavior.

Figure 28 shows the key features of the humidity chart. The chart consists of the following four parameters plotted as ordinates against temperature on the abscissas (1) Humidity H, as pounds of water per pound of dry air, for air of various relative humidities (2) Specific volume, as cubic feet of dry air per pound of dry air (3) Saturated volume in units of cubic feet of saturated mixture per pound of dry air and (4) latent heat of vaporization (r) in units of Btu per pound of water vaporized. The chart also shows plotted hiunid heat (s) as abscissa versus the humidity (H) as ordinates, and adiabatic humidification curves (i.e., humidity versus temperature). Figure 28 represents mixtures of dry air and water vapor, whereby the total pressure of the mixture is taken as normal barometric. Defining the actual pressure of the water vapor in the mixture as p (in units of mm of mercury), the pressure of the dry air is simply 760 - p. The molal ratio of water vapor to air is p/(760-p), and hence the mass ratio is ... 

Total Weight of a Saturated Mixture of Two Vapors One Being Condensable... 

Air/water vapor mixture, chart, 364,365 Air/water vapor, 359 Capacity at ejector suction, 369 Capacity for process vapor, 362 Evacuation time, 371, 380 Load for steam surface condenser, 367 Non-condensables, 362, 363 Size selection, 371 Steam pressure factor, 373 Steam requirements, 372 Steain/air mixture temperature, 361 Total weight saturated mixture, 362 Capacity, 358 Discharge, pressure, 358 Effect of excess steam pressure, 358 Effects of back pressure, 359 Effects of wet steam, 356 Inter-and-after condenser, 351 Load variation, 370 Materials of construction, 347 Molecular weight entrainment, chart, 360 Performance, 358, 370, 375 Relative comparison, 357... 

The D-T2 experiments were performed [51] for a Berea sandstone sample at a proton Larmor frequency of 1.74 MHz and a static gradient of 13 G cm-1. The sample was first vacuum saturated with brine, then centrifuged when immersed in oil resulting in a saturated mixture of oil and water. A D-T2 map was obtained using FLI, shown in Figure 2.7.5. The T2 and D distributions were obtained by... 

COMMENTS The Carnot vapor cycle as illustrated by Example 2.1 is not practical. Difficulties arise in the isentropic processes of the cycle. One difficulty is that the isentropic turbine will have to handle steam of low quality. The impingement of liquid droplets on the turbine blade causes erosion and wear. Another difficulty is the isentropic compression of a liquid-vapor mixture. The two-phase mixture of the steam causes serious cavitation problems during the compression process. Also, since the specific volume of the saturated mixture is high, the pump power required is also very high. Thus, the Carnot vapor cycle is not a realistic model for vapor power cycles. 

Water enters the pump at state 1 as a low-pressure saturated liquid to avoid the cavitation problem and exits at state 2 as a high-pressure compressed liquid. The heat supplied in the boiler raises the water from the compressed liquid at state 2 to saturated liquid to saturated vapor and to a much higher temperature superheated vapor at state 3. The superheated vapor at state 3 enters the turbine where it expands to state 4. The superheating moves the isentropic expansion process to the right on the T-s diagram as shown in Fig. 2.5, thus preventing a high moisture content of the steam as it exits the turbine at state 4 as a saturated mixture. The exhaust steam from the turbine enters the condenser at state 4 and is condensed at constant pressure to state 1 as saturated liquid. 

The problem of excessive superheater temperatures may be solved while avoiding two-phase saturated mixtures in the expansion, by reheating the expanding steam part way through the expansion as shown in Fig. 2.11. The steam leaving the boiler section as saturated vapor is superheated to... 

The substance which has to be micronized is filled into a thermostatted feed vessel (A) (Figure 9.8-6). The solution from (A) is transferred into the thermostatted autoclave (C) after evacuation. The compressible medium is supplied by a high-pressure pump (B). The pressure in the autoclave is increased to a certain value, and the high-pressure circulation pump (D), connected with the autoclave, is installed to increase the efficiency of dissolving of the solute by circulating the liquid phase. The gas-saturated mixture is rapidly depressurized through a nozzle. In the spray-tower the solvent is set free, and the formed solid particles of the substance under consideration (>10 pm) are collected in the vessel at the bottom. The temperature in the spray can be measured and recorded via two thermoelements. 

The number of rings in saturated mixtures of hydrocarbons can also be read from the graph in Fig. 3, which represents equation (1) in the form... 

During the experiments the valve between the two vessels is open. The saturated mixture sprayed into the expansion vessel via the nozzle, is subjected to a sudden drop in pressure, resulting in supersaturated conditions and the crystallisation of the cocoa butter. This powder is collected in the bag inside the second vessel. This process is known... 

The most frequently used unit in expressing the amount of water vapor in air is relative humidity (0-100% RH). It is the ratio of the mol fraction (or amount) of moisture in a gas mixture to the mol fraction (or amount) of moisture in a saturated mixture at the same temperature and pressure. 

The use of conductance as a measure of the solution composition is limited unless some other control of the composition is possible. Figure 6 illustrates a schematic of the apparatus used to follow the crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions under constant composition conditions. In this case, the carbon dioxide concentration is kept constant by the flow of a water-saturated mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. The conductance is monitored using an a.c. bridge with the analog signal... 

The initial specific volumes show that the steam is a saturated mixture of liquid and vapor in each steam chest at the initial conditions. 

Consider a carbonated drink in a bottle at 37 C and 130 kPa.. Assuming the gas space above the liquid consists of a saturated mixture of COj and water vapor and treating the drink as water, deiermine (mole fraction of Ihe water vapor in the CO2 gas and (6) the mass of dissolved COj in a 200ml drink. /Insn-srs [Pg.843]

For each of the conditions of temperature and pressure listed bdow for water, state whether the water is a solid phase, liquid phase, vapor phase (superheated), or is a saturated mixture, and if the latter, calculate the quality. Use the steam tables (inside the back cover) to get your answers. 

The minimum volume of air calls for a saturated mixture any condition less than saturated would require more air. 

Figure 3.17 Transformation of a partially saturated water vapor-air mixture into a saturated mixture as the temperature is lowered (volume = constant).

If a stream of air is intimately mixed with a quantity of water in an adiabatic system, the temperature of the air will drop and its humidity will increase. If the equilibration time or the number of transfer units approaches infinity, the air-water mixture will reach saturation. The acUabatic saturation temperature T is given by a heat balance between the initial unsaturated vapor-gas mixture and the final saturated mixture at thermal equilibrium ... 

Figure 1. Stability diagram for sludge formation from asphaltenes/aromatics/saturates mixtures (adopted from ref 10).

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