SATRAS

Pettit D. and Carter A.R., February 1964, Adhesion of translucent rubber soling, SATRA Bulletin, 11(2), 17-21. 

Carter A.R., August 1968, Isocyanate wipe, SATRA Bulletin, 13(8), 125-126. 

C. Malcolmson, C. Satra, S. Kantaria, A. Sidhu, and M. J. Lawrence, Effect of oil on the level of solubilisation of testosterone propionate into non-ionic oil-in-water microemulsions, J. Pharm. Sci. 87 109-116 (1988). 

Experimentally, the macrocyclic trichothecenes satra-toxin G, isosatratoxin F, and roridin A have been shown to cause nasal and pulmonary toxicity when administered intranasally or intratracheally to mice. Intranasal exposure of satratoxin G and roridin A induced apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons resulting in atrophy of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulb in the frontal brain (Islam et al, 2006, 2007). Alveolar-type II cells and alveolar macrophages were injured following intratracheal instillation of isosatratoxin F or Stachybotrys spores with marked changes in surfactant synthesis and secretion (Rand et al, 2002). 

SateUite Transition MAS (SATRAS or STMAS), developed by Gan in 2000 [25], is an alternative approach to MQMAS for the acquisihon of high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei. The principal advantage of SATRAS over MQMAS is that it is not dependent upon an efficient transfer of multiple-quantum coherences. like MQMAS, SATRAS is a 2D experiment performed under MAS conditions. The technique involves exciting the sateUite transitions in the spin manifold of quadmpolar nuclei using short radio frequency (rf) pulses. The second-order... 

Figure 5.4 Al 2D-SATRAS NMR ofy-AljOj. The MAS rate was 30kHz. Contour levels are shown at 8, 16, 32, and 64% of the maximum intensity. Adapted from ref [26] reprinted with permission from Elsevier.

Recent developments have allowed for an improved understanding of the local environment of vanadium in supported catalysts. Lapina and coworkers [27] have studied phosphorus-modified VO /TiOj catalysts by SATRAS and MQMAS techniques. A key question in such materials is what influence the phosphorus has on the structure of the catalyst. This is not directly answerable by conventional... 

NMR techniques as a detailed knowledge of all the NMR parameters, such as chemical shielding anisotropy and quadrupole tensor parameters, as well as their distributions, is necessary to draw detailed conclusions on the local environment and long-range order of V atoms. However, the SATRAS analysis of V MAS spectra coupled with the results of V 3Q-MAS and 5Q-MAS studies (Figure 5.15) can provide this information and demonstrate the formation of a V—P—Ti compound, in contrast to previous hypotheses for such systems. 

Figure 5.24 (a)-(d) AI MQMAS (triple-quantum) and SATRAS NMR spectra of calcined-dehydrated AlPO-14 and ipa-AlPO-14. The MAS rate was 20kHz. In the STMAS spectra, the central-transition autocorrelation peak and its contribution to the isotropic projection is indicated by, while an outer satellite-transition correlation peak is indicated by. ... 

The development of new and improved NMR techniques is continual and fast-paced, with the range of systems that are suitable for study and the information that can be elucidated from them increasing aU the time. Recent years have seen a shift away from one-dimensional NMR techniques towards two-dimensional techniques, such as MQMAS, which are often capable of providing higher resolution. In particular, the recent development of the SATRAS technique opens up new possibilities. In addition to the applications outlined above, Antonijevic and coworkers [28] have reported on the use of SATRAS to study host-guest interactions and guest dynamics in framework solids. Nuclei that could be studied by this method include 0, Na, Al and Ga. 

Portland cement and high-alumina cements contain, in addition to calcium silicate phases, calcium monoaluminate, CaAl204 (or CA in cement chemist s shorthand, where C = CaO and A = AI2O3). The Al NMR spectra of this compound, in which the Al is exclusively in tetrahedral coordination, and a number of other calcium alu-minates have been determined (Muller et al. 1986), and more recently, using satellite transition spectroscopy (SATRAS) which has allowed the multiple tetrahedral sites in the various calcium aluminates to be distinguished (Skibsted et al. 1993). The NMR parameters for the synthetic aluminates and a number of their hydration products are shown in Table 5.4. 

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