Satellite navigation systems

As electronic instruments for navigation developed, it became possible to get more and more precise electronic fixes on exactly where an airliner was, moment by moment. You could know that you were over a certain city, what the distance to your destination was, and so on. Current satellite navigation systems allow you to know your position anywhere in the country to within fifty feet. Added to this were electronic systems that allowed a pilot to land blind when fog or other conditions made it impossible to see the runway. Electronic beacons allowed a precise fix how far you were from each side and each end of the runway, how many feet in the air you were, and the like. 

Little is known about the impact of ADAS technologies on travel exposure. It is known, for example, that satellite navigation systems can reduce mental workload and reduce uimecessary travel in unfamiliar locations. They may, however, encourage people to take more trips to locations they may previously not have travelled to, thus increasing their exposure to traffic risks. 

Behavioural adaptation may also occur as a result of impacting on more distal influences on the driving task snch as social pressnre, as noted above, or motivation (e.g., beating the arrival time set by a satellite navigation system). 

At present a number of class 47 ocomof y/es are fitted with a system that monitors the power equipment and has the necessary on board intelligence to analyse the information and decide whether action is required. If this is the case the system reports message by cellphone including the geographic position of the loco which it determines by using a satellite navigation system. 

In the summer of 1995, the Panamanian cruise ship Royal Majesty ran aground off the coast of Nantucket Island. The ship drifted off course because its satellite-based navigational system silently failed, and the crew did not monitor other sources of information that would have warned them they were in danger. Luckily, no one was hurt, but the mistake cost Majesty Cruise Lines 7 million in damages and lost revenue (Azar, 1998). Similar circumstances can occur in today s highly automated pharmacy. Employees can be become complacent, and the resulting mistakes in both patient and pharmacy safety and security can be catastrophic. 

A new development in harvest control for better quality of cane and beet has been the use of global positioning systems (GPS) based on satellite navigation facilities.16... 

A relatively new development in electronically-supported navigation systems, the Global Position Satellite system, seems destined to replace LORAN C. During the years from 1978 through 1995 the United States launched more than two dozen specialized navigational... 

Navigation systems record the position of a vehicle using satellite-based location systems (GPS) and match the determined position with the navigation system s digital street map. Yaw-rate sensors, in combination with wheel-speed sensors, permit interpolation in situations where no satellite reception is possible, such as when driving through tunnels or if the GPS signals cannot be clearly interpreted due to multiple reception as a result of reflections from houses in urban situations, for example. 

We live in a world diat increasingly relies on uninterrupted global communications and space-based navigation systems. Trans-ionospheric transmission depends on the health of conununications satellites and the electrical properties of the ionosphere. Bodi can be seriously compromised by space weather which refers to space environmental... 

Reliability data are available for many adhesives used in space environments for different orbits, different radiation, and different thermal-vacuum conditions. These data are available from approved materials and processes lists from NASA or from contractors for programs such as the Space Shuttle, Space Station, GPS, Hubbel telescope, and numerous satellite systems, some of which have been in orbit for over ten years. Adhesives used in military electronics have also been proven highly reliable in fighter planes, navy ships, ground and air communication systems, and navigation systems. 

GNSS solntions have convinced a lot of users about feasibility and efficiency of non-safety solutions based on satellite navigation for land transportation. They are expected to be implemented into railway safety-related system but before a dependabihty analysis has to be performed as required by railway standards. However no dependability method is able to quantify the signal propagation errors that stem from environment effects and that affect the user position estimation. For... 

Beugin J., Marais J., Lozac h J.-P. 2008. A dependability analysis for integrating a satellite positioning system in a rail freight application. In proceedings of the European Navigation Conference (ENC-GNSS 2008), 22-25 April, Toulouse, France. 

Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite-based navigational system. 

Military INS and GPS Uses. Flight instrumentation and avionics are used by military aircraft as well as civilian aircraft, but the military have many other applications. INS is used in guided missiles and submarines. It can also be used as a stand-alone navigational system in vehicles that do not want to communicate with outside sources for security purposes. INS and GPS are used in bombs, rockets, and, with great success, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that are used for reconnaissance as well as delivering ordnance without placing a pilot in harm s way. GPS is used in almost all military vehicles such as tanks, ships, armored vehicles, and cars, but not in submarines as the satellite signals will not penetrate deep water. GPS is also used by the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System as the satellites carry nuclear detonation detectors. 

Navigation. Celestial navigation, used for millennia, requires the ability of a skilled navigator to actually see the sky. Beginning in the 1930 s, networks of radio transmitters were set up to aid in navigation. These systems become more advanced but were still limited to areas that had transmitters, typically the land areas of technologically advanced nations, and were unavailable at sea. Satellites overcome this problem in much the same way that they did for communication relay towers. The first satellite navigation satellite. Transit IB, was launched in 1960. 

Global Positioning System (GPS) (Ivan A. Getting) The first GPS satellite is launched, designed to support a navigational system that uses satelhtes to pinpoint the location of a radio receiver on Earth s surface. 

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