Satellite measurement methods

TOMS is also a satellite-based method based on a similar approach to that of SBUV, in which the earth s albedo is measured at several wavelengths around 300 nm. Unlike SBUV, vertical distributions of 03 are not derived using TOMS, but it provides better horizontal resolution (Ziernke et al., 1998). TOMS has also been used to measure tropospheric aerosols using the wavelength dependence of UV reflectivity at wavelengths that are not absorbed by 03 (e.g., Hsu et al., 1996 Herman et al., 1997 Torres et al., 1998). 

Chance, K., J.P. Burrows, D. Pettier and W. Schneider (1997) Satellite measurements of atmospheric ozone profiles, including tropospheric ozone from UV/visible measurements in the nadir geometry a potential method to retrieve tropospheric ozone. Journal Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 57 467-476. 

Thus, at each iteration of (5.8), system (5.14) should be solved. The rate of convergence of this procedure depends on the correct choice of initial conditions. The method of differential approximation refers to universal approaches in the function approximation theory to the analysis of dynamic systems. Under remote monitoring conditions, the use of this method can be justified by allowing aircraft and satellite measurements to be spaced in time with respect to the objects to be monitored and, hence, in processing the readings from measuring instruments it is necessary to take into account possible changes in the object between moments of measurement. 

Zasetsky, A.Y., J.J. Sloan, R. Escribano and D. Fernandez A new method for the quantitative identification of the composition, size and density of stratospheric aerosols from high resolution IR satellite measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29,2071 (2002) doi 10.1029/2002GL015816. 

In the past ten years, numerous applications of fluorescence methods for monitoring homogeneous and heterogeneous immunoassays have been reported. Advances in the design of fluorescent labels have prompted the development of various fluorescent immunoassay schemes such as the substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay and the fluorescence excitation transfer immunoassay. As sophisticated fluorescence instrumentation for lifetime measurement became available, the phase-resolved and time-resolved fluorescent immunoassays have also developed. With the current emphasis on satellite and physician s office testing, future innovations in fluorescence immunoassay development will be expected to center on the simplification of assay protocol and the development of solid-state miniaturized fluorescence readers for on-site testing. 

In theory, spatially resolved measurements of concentrations of atmospheric trace substances could be made by remote sensing from either surface-based or satellite platforms, but remote sensing capabilities have not yet been developed for many species. Furthermore, both surface- and satellite-based remote sensing methods have distinct limitations in resolving... 

An important block of the MBWB is the methods of determination of various parameters of the water cycle. Such methods are based on the use of surface, satellite, and airborne measurements. The MBWB used as a global model makes it easier to understand the role of the oceans and land in the hydrological cycle, to identify the main factors that control it, as well as to trace the dynamics of its interaction with plants, soil, and topographic characteristics of the Earth surface. It is based on the interaction between the elements of the water cycle, and takes natural and anthropogenic factors into account by means of information interfaces with other units of the global model (Krapivin and Kondratyev, 2002). 

The methods of remote sounding of C02 fluxes are mainly based on NDVI measurements (Burgheimer et al., 2006 Myeong et al., 2006) using various satellite technologies as well as in situ measurements with SCIAMACHY carried by satellites of the ESA series. The surface resolution of SCIAMACHY constitutes 320 km, and the frequency of measurements is 36 hours. 

Subsequently, Uhrinova et al.29 reconsidered the problem using both proton-and carbon-detected experiments. For example, couplings of anomeric carbons were measured from the 13C satellites in proton NMR spectra. The critical factor in these methods is the suppression of signals from protons bound to, 2C atoms. In the pulse-sequence proposed, these protons were selectively inverted by a BIRD (Bilinear Rotation Decoupling) pulse,30 and the spin-echo method introduced by Bendall et al.31 was used. 

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