Sanitation, global

Global seafood safety standards have not been established, and the FDA estimates that more than half of the seafood eaten in the U.S. is imported, from a total of 135 countries. The FDA now requires seafood importers to verify that their overseas suppliers comply with the National Shellfish Sanitation... 

One of the foremost global issues regarding water quality is access to safe drinking water. Currently, one-sixth of the world s 6.1 billion people do not have access to a source of clean water, and 40% do not have adequate sanitation facilities. Polluted water is responsible for diseases such as typhoid, cholera, and dysentery. Three million people die annually due to the latter. The discovery that diseases were transmit-... 

Sodium hypochlorite is the primary hypochlorite used as a bleach and disinfectant, accounting for 83% of world hypochlorite use, with calcium hypochlorite accounting for the remaining 17%. Approximately 1 million tons of sodium hypochlorite was used globally in 2005, with about half this amount used in households for laundry bleaching and disinfection. The other half was used primarily for wastewater and drinking water treatment other uses include pool sanitation, bleaching of pulp, paper, and textiles, and as an industrial chemical. 

A broad spectrum of diseases in children are known (or suspected) to be associated with unhealthy environments. For much of the world, traditional environmental health hazards continue to remain the primary source of ill-health. These include lack of adequate nutrition, poor sanitation, contaminated water, rampant disease vectors (e.g. mosquitoes and malaria), and unsafe waste disposal. In addition, rapid globalization and industrialization coupled with unsustainable patterns of production and consumption have released large quantities of chemical substances into the environment. Although the term environmental exposure can encompass a variety of factors, the focus of this document is specifically on environmental chemical exposures. Most of these substances have not been assessed for potential toxicity to children, nor have the most vulnerable subpopulations of children been identified. The incidence of a number of important paediatric diseases and disorders (e.g. asthma, neurobehavioural impairment) is increasing in several parts of the world. Although a variety of factors are likely to be involved, this may be due, in part, to the quality of the environment in which children live, grow, and play. 

WHO Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report http //www.who.int/docstore/ water sanitation health/Globassessment/GlobaITOC.htm (3 September 2004). 

Panico LR. Instantaneous Surface Sanitization With Pulsed UV. Presented at the Global Conference on Hygienic Coatings. Brussels, Belgium July 8-9, 2002. 

Donsi, E Ferrari, G. Maresca, R, High-pressure homogenization for food sanitization. In Global Issues in Food Science and Technology, Barhosa-Canovas, G. V. Mortimer, A. Linehack, D. Spiess, W. Buckle, K., (Eds.) Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2009. 

The costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at a global level have been quantitatively evaluated [39]. Five levels of intervention were considered, two of the most significant of which are ... 

G. Hutton, L. Haller, Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level (World Health Organisation, Geneva, 2003)... 

Juuti, Petri S., Tapio S. Katko, and Heikki Vuorinen. Environmental History of Water. Global Views on Community Water Supply and Sanitation. London IWA, 2007. Provides information on the history of the water snpply and sanitation aronnd the world. 

World Health Organization. (2012). GLAAS 2012 Report UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization. 

The recreational water industry is presently observing an expansion of the number of automated biocide delivery systems as well as an increase in the number of biocides that provide supplemental sanitizer capacity. This expansion is not globally uniform. Similarly, the regulatory status of these biocides and treatments is not uniform. Below is a short summary of several systems that are widely available. 

The demand for fresh water already exceeds supply in many parts of the world, and as the world population continues to rise the present situation may intensify in future. In 2006, 13% of the global population lacked access to improved water sources, and 38% lacked access to improved sanitation (Figures 5.4.3 and 5.4.4). 

Figure 5.4.3 Global improved sanitation coverages in 2006 (improved sanitation ensures hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact) [data from WHO/UNICEF (2008)].

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